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TRIBOLOGY OF HIGH SPEED MOVING MECHANICAL SYSTEMS FOR SPACECRAFTS - TRIBOLOGICAL ISSUES K. Sathyan 32. Sathyan, K, Hsu, H.Y., Lee, S.H, Gopinath. K. Long-term lubrication of momentum wheels used in spacecrafts—An overview.TribologyInternational, 43, 2010, 259–267. 33. Vernier, C.G., Casserly, E.W. "Multiply-Alkylated Cyclopentanes(MACs): A New Class of Synthesized Hydrocarbon Fluids,"Lubr.Engr., 47, 7, 1991, 586-591. 34. Mia, S., Komiya, H., Hayashi, S., Morita,S., Ohno, N., Obara, S. Viscosity Loss in PFPE Lubricant for Space Applications under EHLConditions. Tribology Online, 2 , 2, 2007, 54-58. 35. Jones, W. R. The Properties of Perfluoropolyethers Used for SpaceApplications. NASA Technical Memorandum 106275, July 1993. 36. Sathyan, K. Long-term lubrication systems for momentum wheels used in spacecrafts. MS thesis, Indian Institute of Technology Madras;September 2003. 37. Sathyan, K. Development of a centrifugal lubricator for long-term lubrication of momentum wheels used in spacecrafts. PhD thesis,University of South Australia; March 2010. 38. Kingsbury, E.P., Hanson, R. A., Jones, W. R., Mohr T. W. Cartridgebearing system for space applications. In: Proceedings of the 33rd aerospace mechanisms symposium. NASA conference publication, vol.209259, 1999, 137–43. 39. Fusaro, R. L. Space mechanisms needs for future NASA long duration space missions. In: NASA technical memorandum 105204; September1991. 40. Space Mechanisms Lessons Learned Study. http://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/spacemech. 41. Shapiro, W., Murray, F., Howarth, R. Space mechanisms lessons learned study, Volume II-literature review. In:NASA technicalmemorandum 107047; September1995. 42. Kingsbury, E. P., Hanson, R. A., Jones, W. R., Mohr, T.W. Cartridge bearing system for space applications. In: Proceedings of the 33rd aerospace mechanisms symposium. NASA conference publication, vol.209259, 1999, 137–43. 43. Kingsbury, E.P. Influences on polymer formation rate in instrumentball bearings. Tribology Trans; 35, 1992, 84–8. 44. Fote, A. A, Slade, R. A, Feuerstein, S. The prevention of lubricantmigration in spacecraft. Wear; 51, 1978, 67–75. 45. Gupta, P. K. Frictional instabilities in ball bearings. Tribology Trans;31(2): 1988, 258–68. 46. Kannel, J. W., Bupara, S. S. A simplified model of cage motion in angular contact ball bearings operating in the EHD region. J LubrTechnol ASME Trans 1977:395–403. 47. Kannel, J. W., Snediker, D. Hidden cause of bearing failure. MachineDesign, 1977:78–82. AcademyPublish.org – Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol.2, No.2 34
THE USE OF IRON IN PEAT WATER FOR FENTON PROCESS Mirna Apriani, Ali Masduqi ABSTRACT The use of Iron in Peat Water for Fenton Process Mirna Apriani & Ali Masduqi, myrna_apriani@yahoo.com, masduqi@its.ac.id Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia The scarcity of water sources in the dry season caused peat water is still widely used as alternative water in peat area such as Kalimantan Island, Indonesia. Peat water contains organic matter, acid and iron (Fe 2+ ). For treating the peat water, advanced oxidation process (AOP) is an alternative treatment. AOP is an oxidation process that produces hydroxyl radical (OH*) which can oxidize the organic matter. One of AOP method is fenton process. This process uses Fe 2+ and hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer to produce hydroxyl radical. Fenton process can be run effectively at pH 2 to 4. Based on the characteristics of peat water, the aim of research is to examine the possibility using Fe 2+ in the peat water for fenton process. This research was conducted in a batch system with varying ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ at 3.5, 4, 4.5, and 5. The oxidation time is 150 minutes and measurement of iron and organic matter concentration was conducted every 30 minutes. The results of research show that iron in peat water can react with H 2 O 2 to produce OH* for removing the organic. It is time for 60 minute to oxidize in fenton process using peat water. Keywords: fenton process, peat water, hydroxyl radical INTRODUCTION Peat is formed from the accumulation of plant organic material on the condition of the stagnant swamp, so the process of decomposition is slow then there is the accumulation of organic matter. Organic matter in peat soil is a humic acid and fulvic acid. Peat soils are acid and contain cations such as Fe and Mn (Barchia, 2006). So that the peat water has high organic matter content, colour, are acid and contain high Fe. Indonesia has peat areas such as Kalimantan, Sumatera and Papua Island. Peat is the remaining of heap dead plants then decomposed by anaerobic and aerobic bacteria into a more stable component. It was not only organic matter which formed peat but also inorganic matter in small amount. The environment of peat deposition is always in the condition of saturation of water (more than 90%). Organic matter of peat-forming from plants in comparison with the different matter according to the decomposition level. Organic matter is composed of cellulose, lignin, bitumen, humus and others. Peat-forming elements is mostly composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. In addition to the main elements are also other elements such as Al, Si, S, P and others (Sukandarrumidi, 1995). The humus process from plant residu into humus or peat called humification will result in humic acid and fulvic acid. Humic acids contain more aromatic compounds than the fulvic acids, fulvic acids are aliphatic compounds containing more than humic acid. Aromatic organic acids characterized by a number of phenolic-OH functional groups is high, while the aliphatic organic acids characterized by a number of high-COOH functional groups. Peat material with relatively high of lignin, contains of humic acids more than peat material which is relatively high cellulose content. Indonesia has tropical peat made from woody forest which contains a high lignin, while non-tropical peat materials are generally made of sphagnum with high of cellulose and hemicellulose content. The humus process from plant residu into humus or peat called humification will result in humic acid and fulvic acid. Humic acids contain more aromatic compounds than the fulvic acids, fulvic acids are aliphatic compounds containing more than humic acid. Aromatic organic acids characterized by a high number of phenolic-OH functional groups, while the aliphatic organic acids characterized by a high number of high-COOH functional groups. Peat material with relatively high of lignin, contains of humic acids more than peat material which is relatively high cellulose content. Indonesia has tropical peat made from woody forest which contains a high lignin, while non-tropical peat materials are generally made of sphagnum with high of cellulose and hemicellulose content (Barchia, 2006). Water contains natural organic matter (NOM) as a result of the interaction between the hydrological cycle and the biosphere and geosphere. These interactions are responsible for the diverse nature of NOM as the organic content of a particular water body is dependent on the surrounding environments biogeochemical cycles. NOM is a complex mixture of organic material and has shown to consist of organics as diverse as humic acids, hydrophilic acids, proteins, lipids, hydrocarbons and amino acids. The range of organic components in NOM varies from water to water and seasonally, this consequently leads to variations in the reactivity of NOM with chemical disinfectants such as chlorine (Goslan et al, 2003 in Murray and Parsons, 2004). Humic substances (HS) mainly humic acids represent a major fraction of natural organic matter in ground and surface water and pose a variety of problems in treatment operations and distribution system. HS contribute to odor, color, taste as well as acidity problems in water supplies (Katsumata, 2008). Several studies of peat water treatment into clean water and drinking water have been carried out. By using a combination of alum coagulant, peat and lime that is able to neutralize the pH, the color removal efficiency reached 97.5%, 98.5% removal in turbidity and a decrease of 90% organic matter (Karbito, 1999). The decreasing of organic content using ultrafiltration membrane with pre-treatment powdered activated carbon (PAC) which achieved an efficiency of 98.02% color re moval and 98.54% organic removal (Riduan, 2002). Combination of biological treatment using upflow anaerobic filter with physical processing using slow sand filter can reduce organic matter, color, AcademyPublish.org – Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol.2, No.2 35
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Page 17 and 18: A STUDY OF SIMPLIFIED SHALLOW WATER
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Page 21 and 22: ON BICRITERIA LARGE SCALE TRANSSHIP
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