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THE USE OF IRON IN PEAT WATER FOR FENTON PROCESS Mirna Apriani, Ali Masduqi turbidity, Fe and Mn, but only Fe that meets the requirements as clean water (Eri, 2009). Conventional treatment of humic acids can be done using coagulation process (Hendricks, 2005 and Wu et al., 2011), precipitation, filtration, ion exchange, adsorption using activated carbon and biological treatment (Wu et al, 2011). According Karbito (1999), coagulation to reduce the color and turbidity require high doses so it is difficult to apply at the household scale. According to Murray and Parsons (2004), the higher the dose of coagulant will increase the organic matter removal but sludge production will also increase which can cause new problems in its processing. According to the WEF (2008), Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) is the oxidation process that produces reactive oxidants (such as the hydroxyl radical). According to Parsons (200 4), AOP is one of the water and waste water treatment technology, which utilizes an oxidant ability to process organic matter into a more simple form and harmless. Examples of carbon processed into carbon dioxide, hydrogen into water, nitrogen into nitrate and others. Processing using AOP has the ability to form strong oxidizing hydroxyl radicals which can oxidize the organic material is faster than using ozone. Oxidizing strength can be seen from the oxidation potential value that can be seen in Table 1. Table 1. Oxidation potential for various oxidator Oxidator Oxidation potential (V) Flourine 3.03 Hydroxyl radical 2.80 Atomic oxygen 2.42 Ozone 2.07 Hydrogen peroxide 1.78 Permanganat 1.68 Chlorine 1.36 Processing using AOP can be processing using UV-light based applications (UV/H 2 O 2 and VUV), ozone-based applications (O 3 /H 2 O 2 , O 3 /UV, O 3 /H 2 O 2 /UV danO 3 /H 2 O 2 /TiO 2 ), heterogenous photocatalysis (TiO 2 /UV ), Fenton process, catalytic oxidation, electrochemical oxidation and oxidation ultrasound ( Matilainen and Silanpää, 2011) Fenton process is one of the AOP which the process using hydrogen peroxide oxidizer and a catalyst (iron salt) to produce hydroxyl radicals (OH*) (Parson, 2004; Jiang et al, 2010). Fenton process can be run effectively at pH 2-4. Fenton process does not use toxic materials, does not lead to residues and is simple technology (Parson, 2004). Fenton process consists of oxidation and coagulation that can occur in a single process through pH adjustment. Fenton process does not use toxic materials, does not lead to residues and simple technology (Wu et al, 2010). Fenton process is the most inexpensive and easier compared to other process in AOP (Alaton et al, 2008). In an acidic environment, hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ion react in the following reaction: Fe 2+ + H 2 O 2 OH* + OH - + Fe 3+ [1] Organic + OH* H 2 O + products [2] According to Wu et al (2011), OH* reacts with organic material and oxidize Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ which can serve as a coagulant after the pH adjustment into above 6. The increasing of pH, will stop the oxidation process and continue to coagulation process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peat water taken from Simpang Arja village, Rantau Badauh District of South Kalimantan - Indonesia. Sampling would be done at rainy season (April 2012). Using hydrogen peroxide solution (H 2 O 2 , 30%, w/w), the experiments were conducted in batch reactor using 1 L beaker glass. After hydrogen peroxide solution addition, the sample were stirred using the jar test with 50 rpm (Murray and Parsons, 2004) for 150 minutes and measured iron and organic parameters every 30 minutes. Based on the analysis of the peat water samples characteristics is known that pH 3.4, the organic content of 63.2 mg / L and iron at 34 mg / L. The initial pH value of sample was acid so it does not need pH adjustment. The iron concentration was used to determine the addition of hydrogen peroxide for each ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ variation. The optimum condition of H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ to remove organic and iron is 3.5 – 4.5 (Wu et al, 2011) and 5 (Rohmatun et al, 2007). Analytical methods for initial characteristic and oxidation process using permanganate value test for organic parameter and for iron using spectrophotometric iron analysis. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The oxidation time was tested within the time interval range of 0 – 150 min to determine whether the iron in peat water can be used for fenton process to oxidize the organic contaminant. The experiment used 34 mg/L (0.61 mM) iron mM and the addition of 73.32 mL hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) 2.14 mM, ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ is 3.5 for 1000 mL peat water. After the H 2 O 2 addition, the sample was stirred for 50 rpm. Analysing of iron and organic started after 30 minute stirring and continued every 30 minute. Fig 1 showed after 30 minute stirring iron and organic concentration is decrease. The percentage of iron decreasing are 73,42% for 30 minute ; 57,98% for 60 minute ; 70,57% for 90 and 120 minute ; 75,21% for 150 minute. The largest decreasing of iron is 75,21% for 150 minute. The decreasing iron value is in line with the decrease of organic. The percentage of organic decreasing are 60% for 30 and 150 minute ; 55% for 90 and 120 minute ; 72,5% for 60 minute. The largest decreasing of iron is 150 minute however the decreasing of organic for 150 minute is only 60% which smaller than for 60 minute (72,59%). So the optimum time for ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ 3.5 was taken for 60 minute. Fig.1. The measurement of Fe and organic after the H 2 O 2 addition (Ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ = 3.5); (Fe 2+ 0.61 mM; H 2 O 2 2.14 mM) Fig 2 showed after 30 minute stirring, iron and organic concentration is decrease. The largest decreasing of organic to 34.76 mg/L after 120 minute stirring and iron to 9.53 mg/L after 90 minute. For ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ is 4, the addition of H 2 O 2 2.44 mM for 1000 mL peat water is 83.80 mL. After the H 2 O 2 addition, the sample was stirred for 50 rpm. The percentage of iron decreasing are 59,42% for 30 minute ; 64,45% for 60 minute ; 71,98% for 90 minute ; 59,8% for 120 and 150 AcademyPublish.org – Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol.2, No.2 36
THE USE OF IRON IN PEAT WATER FOR FENTON PROCESS Mirna Apriani, Ali Masduqi minute. The largest decreasing of iron is 71,98% for 90 minute. The decreasing iron value is in line with the decrease of organic. The percentage of organic decreasing are 21,99% for 30 minute ; 36% for 60 minute ; 37,5% for 90 minute ; 45% for 120 minute and 42,5% for 150 minute. The largest decreasing of organic is 45% for 120 minute however the decreasing of iron for 120 minute is only 59,8% which smaller than for 90 minute (71,98%). So the optimum time ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ 4 was taken for 90 minute. Fig.2. The measurement of Fe and organic after the H 2 O 2 addition (Ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ = 4.0); (Fe 2+ 0.61 mM; H 2 O 2 2.44 mM) Fig 4 showed after 30 minute stirring, iron and organic concentration is decrease. The largest decreasing of organic to 23.7 mg/L after 90 minute stirring and iron to 8.06 mg/L after 90 minute. For ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ is 5.0, the addition of H 2 O 2 3.05 mM for 1000 mL peat water is 104.75 mL. The percentage of organic decreasing are 16% for 30 minute ; 56% for 60 minute ; 62,5% for 90 minute ; 42,5% for 120 and 50% for 150 minute. The largest decreasing of organic is 62,5% for 90 minute. The percentage of iron decreasing are 51,16% for 30 minute ; 72,71% for 60 minute ; 76,30% for 90 minute ; 60.51% for 120 minute and 59,78% for 150 minute. The largest decreasing of organic and iron happened in the same stirring time is 90 minute. So the optimum time ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ 5 was taken for 90 minute. Fig.4. The measurement of Fe and organic after the H 2 O 2 addition (Ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ = 5.0); (Fe 2+ 0.61 mM; H 2 O 2 3.05 mM) The experiment using ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ is 4.5, the addition of H 2 O 2 2.75 mM for 1000 mL peat water is 94.27 mL. After the H 2 O 2 addition, the sample was stirred for 50 rpm. Fig 3 showed after 30 minute stirring iron and organic concentration is decrease. The largest decreasing of organic to 20.54 mg/L after 60 minute stirring and iron to 9.08 mg/L after 30 minute. The percentage of iron decreasing are 73,3% for 30 minute ; 70,18% for 60 minute ; 59,42% for 90 minute ; 63,74% for 120 and 72,01% for 150 minute. The percentage of organic decreasing are 45% for 30 minute ; 87,5% for 60 minute ; 32,5% for 90 minute ; 50% for 120 minute and 55,06% for 150 minute. The largest decreasing of iron is 73,3% for 30 minute however the decreasing of organic for 30 minute is only 45% which smaller than for 60 minute (87,5%). So the optimum time ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ 4.5 was taken for 60 minute. Fig.3. The measurement of Fe and organic after the H 2 O 2 addition (Ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ = 4.5); (Fe 2+ 0.61 mM; H 2 O 2 2.75 mM) From figure 1, 2, 3 and 4 showed that decreasing iron value is in line with the decrease of organic. The concentration of iron will be decrease as well as decreasing of organic concentration, means that the iron can react with hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl radical to oxidize the organic. The optimum oxidation time happens after 60 minute for ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ 4 and 5 ; and 90 minute stirring for ratio H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ 3.5 and 4.5. In that condition, the decreasing of iron and organic concentration is the largest. CONCLUSION This paper provided the preliminary research on the removal organic in peat water with fenton process. Fenton process needs hydrogen peroxide oxidizer and a catalyst (iron salt) to produce hydroxyl radicals (OH*). The characteristic of peat water is acid, high organic and iron. This preliminary research conducted in the different ratio of H 2 O 2 /Fe is 3.5; 4.0; 4.5; 5 without pH adjustment. To examine whether iron in peat water has potentially to used for fenton process, the sample only added H 2 O 2 based on the ratio. After a certain oxidation time, the concentration of iron is decrease in line with the decreasing of organic concentration. The iron in peat water can react with H 2 O 2 to produce OH* to remove the organic. For oxidation process in fenton process using peat water the minimum oxidation time is 60 minute. For further research, to treat the peat water using fenton process does not require the addition of iron salts. AcademyPublish.org – Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol.2, No.2 37
Page 1 and 2: AcademyPublish.org Volume 2 Issue 2
Page 3 and 4: PARAMETRIC STUDY OF SANDWICH PANEL
Page 17 and 18: A STUDY OF SIMPLIFIED SHALLOW WATER
Page 19 and 20: A STUDY OF SIMPLIFIED SHALLOW WATER
Page 21 and 22: ON BICRITERIA LARGE SCALE TRANSSHIP
Page 27 and 28: TRIBOLOGY OF HIGH SPEED MOVING MECH
Page 35: THE USE OF IRON IN PEAT WATER FOR F
Page 39 and 40: TRIBOLOGY OF HIGH-SPEED MOVING MECH
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