year-2-study-guide-2.. - School of Medicine - Trinity College Dublin

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8. The role of cytokines in the immune system (1 lecture) Con Feighery Learning objectives: Cells which produce cytokines influence the behaviour of other cells Summary of topics covered: Nature and function of cytokines. Types of T cell cytokines. T cell cytokines which promote B cell production of antibody. Cytokines which cause chronic inflammation. Cytokines produced by other cells. Clinical scenario: blocking cytokines to control disease e.g. rheumatoid arthritis. Defect in cytokine receptors cause immune deficiency 9. The importance of MHC molecules in the immune system (1 lecture) Jacinta Kelly Learning objectives: How antigen binds to MHC molecules MHC genes predispose to many inflammatory diseases. Summary of topics covered: Two different pathways for antigen to bind to MHC molecules. Endogenous antigen binds to MHC class I: antigen fragment digested by proteasome and transported by TAP1 and TAP2. Exogenous antigen binds to MHC class II: antigen binds after release of invariant chain. Clinical scenario: strong association of some inflammatory diseases with MHC molecules – HLAB27 with ankylosing spondylitis, HLA-DQ2 with coeliac disease. 10. Antibody (immunoglobulin) structure and function (1 Lecture) John Jackson Learning objectives: Understand how the structure of antibodies relates to their function Know the role of antibody classes Be familiar with the different ways in which antibodies may be used in the laboratory Know about monoclonal antibodies. Be familiar with different types of antibody therapy Summary of topics covered: Four chain structure of antibodies, variable and constant regions, hypervariable regions, immunoglobulin fold, structure and function of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD, monoclonal antibodies, laboratory tests utilising antibodies, antibodies as therapeutic agents. 11-12. Tutorials x 2. Discussion of allergy, auto-immunity, immune deficiency Con Feighery, John Jackson Learning objective Revision. Importance of immune system in health. 18
Metabolic diseases (4 lectures) Definition, current diagnostic criteria and classification of diabetes mellitus. Lecture 1: Introduction to diabetes mellitus (Nolan/Pazderska) pathophysiology and clinical and biochemical characteristics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Epidemiological data regarding increasing prevalence and incidence of both main types of diabetes and obesity. Interplay between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Stages of glucose intolerance and the main preventive strategies for developing diabetes in individuals at risk. Complications in patients with type 2 diabetes and how we can reduce their risk. Lecture 2: Cellular and molecular mechanism of diabetes mellitus (Nolan/ Pazderska) Physiology of insulin secretion and its action at cellular level. Examples of monogenic forms of diabetes will be used to illustrate the effects of disrupting insulin secretion and action at various levels. Genetic background of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Immune processes occurring in pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes and the role of HLA antigens. Molecular mechanisms leading to the development of microvascular complications. Learning objectives: 1. Define diabetes mellitus and discuss current classification and diagnostic criteria. 2. Characterise the main differences between type 1 and 2 diabetes. 3. Discuss genetic background and main differences in genetic susceptibility for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. 4. Describe immune processes occurring in type 1 diabetes and the role of HLA antigens. 5. Describe the interplay between obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. References: 1. "Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications." Report of WHO Consultation. This is a link to where it can be downloaded: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf 2. www.easd.org 3. www.diabetes.org 3. The molecular genetics of type 1 diabetes:new genes and emerging mechanisms. Trends in Molecular Medicine; 2008 Jun; 14(6):268-75.Epub 2008 May 14. Lecture 3: Introduction to Obesity (Nolan/Wanic). We are going to discuss the definitions/measures, epidemiology, complications and treatment of obesity. We also will discuss the central regulation of calorie intake. We will mention co-morbidities associated with obesity. We will focus on neuroendocrine control of eating (the role of leptin etc.). 19
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