Islam Its Belief and Practices - Radical Truth

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70 ISLAM ITS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES THE PRESCRIBED DUTIES 71 (2) Miskin, needy, is a person whose income does not cover his necessary expenses. (3) The Collector of Zakat. The Imam is to allow the officer employed in the collection of zakiit as much out of it as it is in proportion to his labour. (4) Makatab: The word signifies a slave to whom a bond of freedom has been granted by his or her master in return for a sum of money agreed upon to be paid within a specified time. The slave havinl! obtained such a writ is called Makatab until the ransom is fully paid. But zaki3.t cannot be bestowed upon one's own Makatab, since that which falls to a slave becomes the property of his master. (5) Debtors not possessed of property amounting to a Ni~ab. (6) Fi-sabili-lliih, in the service of Allah. This phrase refers to a person who by poverty of estate is incapacitated and cut off from taking a part in Jihad or religious war. and it applies also to a person who, by poverty. is incapacitated from pe1forming pilgrimage. (7) Ibnu's-sabil, travellers. The term 'Is applied to persons, in a strange place. having left their property at home, and who are consequently destitute of means of support. (8) Chiefs and influential men who have embraced Islam to whom gifts are given in order to keep them steadfast and encourage others to embrace Islam. Mu1}.ammad used to give presents to those whose hearts he saw favourably inclined to Islam. The Classes Of Persons Who are Not Entitled To Receive Zakat. The Zakat must not be bestowed upon the following classes of persons:- (1) Qbimml, i. e., a non-Muslim subject of a Muslim Government, who for the payment of a poll. tax, enjoys security of his person and property in a Muslim country. Mu1}ammad said: "Take zakiit from the rich Muslims and bestow it upon the poor Muslims". (2) The rich. MUQammad said: "Alms are not lawful for the wealthy". (3) Certain relatives. viz. father. grandfather, great-grandfather, son, grandson. greatgrandson. Because the use of property between the person who intends giving zakiit and these relatives is conjunct. that is to say, each of these relatives is entitled to the use of the other's property; and hence transfer of property (which is a necessary condition in zakiit) does not exist in its full sense. in these cases. (4) Wife or Husband. On similar grounds it is not lawful for a believer to pay the zakiit to his wife. nor is it lawful for a wife to pay it to her husband. (5) One's own Slave. Zakat is not to be paid to one's own slave, because in this case there is no transfer of property, since that which falls to a slave becomes the property of his master. (6) The slave of a rich man. Zakat is not to be bestowed upon the slave of a rich man, for it becomes the property of his master, and
72 ISLAM ITS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES THE PRESCRIBED DUTIES 73 the master being rich, the delivery of the zakat to him is illegal. On the similar ground it is illegal to bestow zakat upon the infant child of a rich person. On the contrary an adult child of a rich man; who is poor may receive zaka.t. The same rule applies to the wife of a rich person. She, if she be poor, is not accounted rich in the property of the husband and hence may receive the zakat. (7) Banu-Hiishim. By the tribe of Hashim are to ", be understood the descendants of 'AIr, 'Abbas, Ja'far, 'Aqil and HariIh . b. Matlib . , all these deriving their descent from Hashim, the great-grand father of Mu1,lammad. Sadaqalu' I-Pilar, The Alms of Breaking The Pasl. ~adaqatu'l-Fitaris the alms bestowed upon the poor on 'Idu'l-Fitar, the feast of the breakingofthefast of Ramagan. It is incumbent (wO-jib) upon all free Muslims. The obligation is founded on a precept of Mu1,lammad, who, in course of a discourse upon the 'Idu'l-Fitar said: "Let every person, whether infant or adult bestow upon the poor half a-~a' of wheat, or one ~a' of millet or of barley". It is incumbent upon a man to pay ~adaqatu'l-Fitar on behalf of his infants and slaves (male and female). The provision of the children is a debt upon the father, wherefore the accomplishment of the ~adaqamust also rest upon him, this being considered as a part of their prpvision. Similarly a man must pay the ~adaqa on behalf of his male and female slaves, he being their guardian, and their subsistence depending upon him. On the other hand it is not incumbent upon men to give ~adaqa on behalf of his male and female slaves designed for sale as merchandise. Imam Shafi'r, however, holds the view that ~adaqatu'l-Fitaris obligatory upon such slaves and that the proprietor is to pay it for them. A Muslim must pay ~adaqatu'l-Fitarfor his infidel slaves, for Mu1,lammad said: "Render ~adaqatul-Fitaron behalf of every slave, be that slave a Christian, a Jew or a Pagan." Imam Shafi'r, however, holds a different view also in this matter. He maintains that the obligation to this ~adaqa rests upon a slave himself, and not upon the owner; and an infidel slave is under no obligation of paying Zakat and ~adaqa. The ~adaqa is not incumbent upon a man on behalf of his wife, neither it is incumbent on behalf of his adult children. But yet if a man were to disburse the ~adaqa on behalf of his wife and adult children, without their desire, it is lawful, on a principle of benevolence, their consent being by custom understood. The measure of a ~adaqatu'l-Fitar. on behalf of one person, in wheat, or flour, or bran or in dried fruits, is half a Sa', or about two seers in Indian weight; and in dates or barley it is one Sa' or about four seers. The value of these articles may be given in ~adaqa. The obligation to the performance of ~adaqatu'l-Fitar commences with the dawn of the morning of the 'Idu'l Fitar. It is generally distributed before the prayers of the festival are said. Voluntary Alms, Sadaqa. The duty of voluntary almsgiving is frequently enjoined in the Qur'an, e. g., 2; 274,275. Mu1,lammad has enjoined the duty of almsgiving in tradition:- "The best of alms are those given by a man of small means, who gives of that which he has earned by labour, and gives as much as he is able." "Begin by giving alms to your own relatives." "Your smiling in your brother's face is alms; assisting the blind is alms. "God says, Be thou liberal, thou child of Adam, that I may be liberal to thee."
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Islam Its Belief and Practices - Radical Truth

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