Frost Protection - UTL Repository

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The conclusions given in this report are considered appropriate at the time of its preparation. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of the project. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. FAO declines all responsibility for errors or deficiencies in the database or software or in the documentation accompanying it, for program maintenance and upgrading as well as for any damage that may arise from them. FAO also declines any responsibility for updating the data and assumes no responsibility for errors and omissions in the data provided. Users are, however, kindly asked to report any errors or deficiencies in this product to FAO. ISBN: 92-5-105328-6 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Publishing Management Service Information Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: copyright@fao.org © FAO 2005
FOREWORD Agrometeorology deals with the interactions between meteorological and hydrological factors, on the one hand, and agriculture in the widest sense, including horticulture, animal husbandry and forestry, on the other. Its goal is to study and define such interactions, and then to apply knowledge of the atmosphere to practical agricultural use. Despite the impressive advances in agricultural technology over the last few decades, agricultural production remains dependent on weather and climate. It is a clear reality that climatic variability will play an even greater role than in the past, as sufficient food supplies will not be available to feed the world population adequately at its present rate of increase, unless agricultural technology is improved, natural resources are more efficiently used and decision makers are provided with up-to-date information on crop conditions. The major role of modern agrometeorology is to ensure that data, tools and knowledge are available to researchers, planners, and farmers to cope with a variety of weather and climate-related problems in agricultural production. This book is an important contribution in this direction and it follows the philosophy of the Environment and Natural Resources Service to provide practical tools for helping the farming community; it illustrates that the interaction between agriculturalists and meteorologists can be very fruitful if respective disciplines understand their partners' needs and limitations. Economics play an important part in any productive activity such as agriculture. In this book, various frost protection methods and associated risks are analysed from an economic point of view. National Agrometeorological Services and Extension Services will draw clear benefits from the use of simple computer applications that are provided to advise their customers on reducing losses and stabilizing their returns. <strong>Frost</strong> protection advice can constitute a valuable source of income for National Agrometeorological Services in developing countries. Dietrich E. Leihner Director Research, Extension and Training Division Food and Agriculture Organizaton of the United Nations iii
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Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We want to thank D
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Page 11 and 12: LIST OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS Roman Alp
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Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION Freeze and frost defin
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RECOMMENDED METHODS OF FROST PROTEC
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] F R O S T P R O T E C T I O N : F
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CHAPTER 4 FROST DAMAGE: PHYSIOLOGY
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FROST DAMAGE: PHYSIOLOGY AND CRITIC
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CHAPTER 5 FROST FORECASTING AND MON
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CHAPTER 6 PASSIVE PROTECTION METHOD
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS enhance
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS use an
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS FIGURE 6
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS After st
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS of miner
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS FIGURE 6
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS CANOPY T
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS damage h
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS of culm
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS AVOIDING
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS TABLE 6.
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS Organic
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS Fucik (1
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS Many com
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CHAPTER 8 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES
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APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES frost prot
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APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES fashion. O
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APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES CROP COUNT
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APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES CROP COUNT
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APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES other crop
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APPENDIX 2 CONSTANTS Specific heat
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- FAO ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOU
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