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] F R O S T P R O T E C T I O N : F U N D A M E N T A L S , P R A C T I C E A N D E C O N O M I C S [ FROST PROTECTION SURVEY RESPONDENT COMMENTS Argentina (NE of Buenos Aires) Until 2001, liquid-fuel heaters were the main method used to protect stonefruit orchards. After 2001, because of increased oil prices, solid-fuel heaters became the main method for frost protection, especially burning wood. About 80 percent of the area is protected by heaters. In the Buenos Aires region, citrus plantings are insignificant. Greece In Greece, there is only minor active frost protection for fruit trees, although, over the years, spring frost damage is often high. Due to overproduction and low prices, few farmers are willing to invest in frost protection. Typically, growers use 80-120 litre h -1 microsprinkler applications for tree irrigation. There is no appreciable area with vegetables or other cultivated plants that are protected from frosts with active methods. Low or high plastic tunnels are used for the protection of many early-planted vegetables, and in a small area (< 5 percent of the total) early summer squash is being protected with drip irrigation in low tunnels. <strong>Frost</strong> protection in citrus crops is mostly practised in Arta plain, which is the most northern part of Greece with citrus production (about 15 percent of the total area occupied by Citrus crops in Greece). Peach is grown almost exclusively in the northern parts of Greece (Macedonia), where late frost in spring is common and, therefore, frost protection is justified. The basic protection of sweet oranges and mandarins in the Argolic plain is accomplished using windmills (air mixers) installed in the orchards. Open field vegetable crops often suffer frost damage. Jordan In the Jordan rift valley, frost rarely occurs. However, when it occurs, farmers usually protect their annual plants using heaters or by operating sprinklers. Plastic tunnels are used to protect early-planted summer crops. In mountainous areas, farmers protect vegetable crops by not planting during frost-prone periods, or by using plastic tunnels. They also use sprinklers or heaters. For tree crops, they use heaters. Mexico (Chihuahua) The State of Chihuahua is perhaps the coldest State in Mexico. Fruit crops with high profitability are typically protected against late spring frost damage. Most 198
APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES other crops are not protected. For example, avocado growers in Michoacan State, have applied NINA bacteria to reduce the INA bacteria, with good protection results. Some pear and small-fruit growers in Michoacan and Chihuahua States have also achieved good results by applying NINA bacteria. Because Mexico is considered a petroleum-rich country and the federal government subsidizes the oil price, the number one frost control method in Chihuahua State and probably in Mexico is liquid-fuel heaters (oil, petroleum, etc.). However, this frost protection method is a big source of pollution for the atmosphere, soil, water and humans. Zimbabwe In general, most frost protection is for sensitive horticultural crops, which are grown in the Zimbabwean winter. It is important for farmers in frost-risk areas in Zimbabwe to listen to the weather forecasts and to take precautions. Most growers already know the tentative dates that frost is common in their own areas. However, the meteorological service offers helpful frost prediction and forecasting information. Those methods that involve a lot of investment and require electricity are mainly practiced on large commercial farms. Small farmers practice less expensive protection methods. Flowers and buds are protected at different stages from cuttings/seedlings newly budded or grafted fruit trees in the nurseries, and also in the field. Winter wheat is sensitive to frost damage at flowering. 199
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- F A O E N A N D V I MO N I T O R
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FOREWORD Agrometeorology deals with
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We want to thank D
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LIST OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS Roman Alp
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T n °C Observed minimum temperatur
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW Whe
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INTRODUCTION Freeze and frost defin
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INTRODUCTION FIGURE 1.2 Mean air an
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INTRODUCTION FIGURE 1.4 Air (T a )
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INTRODUCTION TABLE 1.2 Categories a
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INTRODUCTION example, because bloom
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INTRODUCTION south in Florida in re
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INTRODUCTION assistance might be in
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CHAPTER 2 RECOMMENDED METHODS OF FR
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RECOMMENDED METHODS OF FROST PROTEC
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] F R O S T P R O T E C T I O N : F
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CHAPTER 4 FROST DAMAGE: PHYSIOLOGY
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FROST DAMAGE: PHYSIOLOGY AND CRITIC
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CHAPTER 5 FROST FORECASTING AND MON
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FROST FORECASTING AND MONITORING A
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CHAPTER 6 PASSIVE PROTECTION METHOD
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS enhance
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS use an
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS FIGURE 6
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS After st
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS of miner
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS FIGURE 6
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS CANOPY T
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS damage h
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS of culm
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS AVOIDING
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS TABLE 6.
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS Organic
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS Fucik (1
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PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS Many com
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Page 231: APPENDIX 2 CONSTANTS Specific heat
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