Frost Protection - UTL Repository

More documents

Recommendations

Info

] F R O S T P R O T E C T I O N : F U N D A M E N T A L S , P R A C T I C E A N D E C O N O M I C S [ CROP COUNTRY FROST PROTECTION % CROP METHOD PROTECTED Flowers Grapes Greenhouse vegetables and flowers Kiwifruit Olives Peaches Zimbabwe Uruguay Cyprus Greece Turkey Argentina (Mendosa) Site selection – frost-free sites on slopes. Selection of tolerant cultivars Avoidance of the sensitive stages during frost periods Winter soil compacting Production in protected environments – greenhouses Physical barriers Cover crop with grass, hessian sacks or paper in the evening Sprinkler irrigation Flood irrigation Burning tyres and cow dung upwind early in the morning Fans and other wind-making machines Heating of beds Artificial foggers Solid-fuel heaters (coke, charcoal, wood, etc.) Helicopters Upward blowing fans Air blowers using petroleum-fuel heaters Over-plant microsprinklers Solid-fuel heaters Artificial fog Flood irrigation Liquid-fuel heaters (oil, petroleum) < 20% Peaches Greece Under-plant microsprinklers < 10% Peaches Greece Under-plant conventional sprinklers Sprinklers and heaters Spraying with copper-containing compounds 25% 25% 10–15% Peaches México (State of Chihuahua) Liquid-fuel heaters (oil, petroleum) 100% Peaches Turkey Solid-fuel heaters Artificial fog Pears Argentina (Mendosa) Flood irrigation Liquid-fuel heaters (oil, petroleum) Potatoes Cyprus Over-plant conventional sprinkler 196
APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES CROP COUNTRY FROST PROTECTION % CROP METHOD PROTECTED Potatoes Zimbabwe Site selection of frost-free sites on slopes Avoidance of sensitive stages during frost periods Winter soil compacting Physical barriers Cover crop with grass, hessian sacks or paper in the evening Sprinkler irrigation Flood irrigation Fires by burning old tyres and cow dung from the direction of the wind early in the morning Fans and other wind-making machines 60% Prunes Argentina (Mendosa) Flood irrigation Liquid-fuel heaters (oil, petroleum, etc.) Stone fruits Argentina (NE of Buenos Aires) Liquid-fuel heaters Solid-fuel heaters (wood) Surface irrigation with liquid-fuel heaters Over-plant conventional sprinklers Helicopters (planned) Tomatoes Zimbabwe Site selection of frost-free sites on slopes Selection of tolerant cultivars Avoidance of sensitive stages during frost periods Winter soil compacting Production in protected environments – greenhouses Physical barriers Cover crop with grass, hessian sacks or paper in the evening Sprinkler irrigation Flood irrigation Burning tyres and cow dung upwind early in the morning Fans and other wind-making machines Forced harvesting Bottles filled with water and placed close to a plant Vineyards Argentina (Mendosa) Flood irrigation Liquid-fuel heaters (oil, petroleum) Wheat Zimbabwe Avoid flowering during frost-prone periods Overhead irrigation 197
Page 1 and 2:
- F A O E N A N D V I MO N I T O R
Page 3 and 4:
FOREWORD Agrometeorology deals with
Page 5 and 6:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We want to thank D
Page 7 and 8:
35 35 35 36 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 39
Page 9 and 10:
174 175 176 176 177 178 179 180 180
Page 11 and 12:
LIST OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS Roman Alp
Page 13 and 14:
T n °C Observed minimum temperatur
Page 15 and 16:
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW Whe
Page 17 and 18:
INTRODUCTION Freeze and frost defin
Page 19 and 20:
INTRODUCTION FIGURE 1.2 Mean air an
Page 21 and 22:
INTRODUCTION FIGURE 1.4 Air (T a )
Page 23 and 24:
INTRODUCTION TABLE 1.2 Categories a
Page 25 and 26:
INTRODUCTION example, because bloom
Page 27 and 28:
INTRODUCTION south in Florida in re
Page 29 and 30:
INTRODUCTION assistance might be in
Page 31 and 32:
CHAPTER 2 RECOMMENDED METHODS OF FR
Page 33 and 34:
RECOMMENDED METHODS OF FROST PROTEC
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53:
Page 56 and 57:
] F R O S T P R O T E C T I O N : F
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 81 and 82:
CHAPTER 4 FROST DAMAGE: PHYSIOLOGY
Page 83 and 84:
FROST DAMAGE: PHYSIOLOGY AND CRITIC
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
CHAPTER 5 FROST FORECASTING AND MON
Page 107 and 108:
FROST FORECASTING AND MONITORING di
Page 109 and 110:
FROST FORECASTING AND MONITORING A
Page 111 and 112:
FROST FORECASTING AND MONITORING Fo
Page 113 and 114:
FROST FORECASTING AND MONITORING FI
Page 115 and 116:
FROST FORECASTING AND MONITORING WE
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
FROST FORECASTING AND MONITORING De
Page 121 and 122:
FROST FORECASTING AND MONITORING de
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
FROST FORECASTING AND MONITORING st
Page 127 and 128:
CHAPTER 6 PASSIVE PROTECTION METHOD
Page 129 and 130:
PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS enhance
Page 131 and 132:
PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS use an
Page 133 and 134:
PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS FIGURE 6
Page 135 and 136:
PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS After st
Page 137 and 138:
PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS of miner
Page 139 and 140:
PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS FIGURE 6
Page 141 and 142:
PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS CANOPY T
Page 143 and 144:
PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS damage h
Page 145 and 146:
PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS of culm
Page 147 and 148:
PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS AVOIDING
Page 149 and 150:
PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS TABLE 6.
Page 151 and 152:
PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS Organic
Page 153 and 154:
PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS Fucik (1
Page 155:
PASSIVE PROTECTION METHODS Many com
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161: ] F R O S T P R O T E C T I O N : F
Page 192 and 193: ] Once started, the sprinklers shou
Page 203 and 204: CHAPTER 8 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES
Page 205 and 206: APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES frost prot
Page 207 and 208: APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES fashion. O
Page 209: APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES CROP COUNT
Page 213: APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES other crop
Page 231: APPENDIX 2 CONSTANTS Specific heat
Page 239: - FAO ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOU
show all

Frost Protection - UTL Repository

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?