Brugia Malayi - Clark Science Center - Smith College

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Possible Seagrass Bed Fragmentation over Two Decades in Carteret County, NC Karen Gilbert Seagrass beds are habitats of great importance as they provide food for many organisms, protect and support larvae, and stabilize sediment to protect shorelines from erosion. Ferguson and Korfmacher state that alteration of current and salinity patterns, tidal ranges, water depth, and water quality threaten seagrasses. 1 Seagrass beds require constant monitoring for population change because they play a vital role in commercial and recreational fisheries. This research compares two study areas near developed and undeveloped barrier islands in Carteret County, NC, where seagrass bed fragmentation may be occurring. It is possible the damage from natural and unnatural disturbances, such as hurricanes, sea-level rise, dredging, and boat traffic can indicate where fragmentation will occur. Seagrass beds in two areas were mapped using data from three different years (1992, 2006, and 2012) from high quality aerial, plane-mounted, and satellite image sources. The northern study area is Drum Inlet in Core Sound, which is one of the last inlets in a North Carolinian barrier island left to change naturally through storms and other events without dredging or other human interference. The southern study area is near Atlantic Beach in Bogue Sound. This location is surrounded by completely developed land and is vulnerable to boat disturbance. Both of these mapped areas of seagrass were classified as dense or patchy; classification was verified through ground-truthing and the changes were quantified using geographical information system technology. Preliminary analysis suggests that fragmentation is occurring in more areas at Bogue Sound than at the Drum Inlet area. This is possibly due to the increased human impact in Bogue Sound, such as developed land, dredging, and recreational boat traffic. Because the Drum Inlet area is remote and undeveloped, the seagrass seems to be fragmenting in fewer areas. Future research should determine the present amount of natural and unnatural disturbance in Core Sound and Bogue Sound and surrounding areas and will ask how much these disturbances are actually causing fragmentation. This research will extend into a Special Studies project in Fall 2012 and will be presented at the Agnes Shedd Andreae Fellowship Symposium at <strong>Smith</strong> <strong>College</strong>. (Supported by the Agnes Shedd Andreae 1932 Research Internship Fund) Advisors: Paulette Peckol, Sara Pruss and Don Field, PhD, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Applied Ecology and Restoration Research Branch, Beaufort Laboratory, North Carolina References: 1 Ferguson & Korfmacher, 1998. Remote sensing and GIS analysis of seagrass meadows in North Carolina, USA, 242. 2012 117
Increasing Native Olympia Oyster (Ostrea lurida) Recruitment Elizabeth Gillespie Elkhorn Slough, an estuary which empties into Monterey Bay on California’s central coast, has been home to native Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida) for at least 10,000 years. However, due to over-harvesting in the twentieth century and changes in habitat, O. lurida numbers in the Slough have declined. 1 Shellfish restoration has gained importance in recent decades in recognition of the ecosystem services that bivalves supply; among these are commercial and recreational harvesting, food or refuge habitat for other organisms, and water quality improvement by suspension-feeding. Researchers at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (ESNERR) are studying factors that contribute to recruitment limitations of Olympia oysters. One project examines the effect of dissolved oxygen fluctuations on oyster development and mortality; another study is exploring what types of artificially placed substrate is most successfully used by oysters. In a third experiment begun in 2008, a series of ceramic tiles, 25x19.9 centimeters, were deployed to act as recruitment substrate in spring 2011, at 9 sites within, or associated with, the ESNERR. Where the sites are fully influenced by tides, the tiles were hung from ¾ inch polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipes inserted into the mud in lines of 5 at three different tidal elevations: -1.5, 0, and +1.5 feet from mean lower low water (MLLW). This was done to examine the relationship that tidal elevation may have on oyster recruitment and competition. At sites of muted tidal influence (e.g., at culverts), tiles were deployed at -0.5 feet MLLW; due to the narrow intertidal zone at such sites, the primary concern was to maintain submersion. All tiles were suspended by plastic zip-ties that maintained acceptable distance above the mud substrate. The tiles are replaced and examined annually. In June 2012, the research team noted and measured any oysters on the yearold tiles, identified other species competing for the hard substrate, and determined the percent cover of competitors. Although the data set is small and the study is ongoing, results indicated that two invasive species (the bryozoan Bugula neritina and the polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus) may be factors in the competition for hard substrate in the generally soft-bottomed estuary. Additionally, the data is being used as researchers determine how and where to deploy artificial oyster reefs. Through past and current research, it is clear that many factors influence recruitment success of Olympia oysters. Their narrow range of habitat (mid- to low intertidal locations in estuaries and sheltered bays), moderate salinity and other water quality requirements, and need for hard recruitment substrates complicate restoration by Reserve managers. Additionally, competition from non-native species may further decrease available recruitment opportunities. The research underway and the mitigations implemented at ESNERR increase researchers’ understanding of the scope of the situation and continue to reveal options for the future. (Supported by the Agnes Shedd Andreae 1932 Research Internship Fund) Advisors: Joanne Benkley, Kerstin Wasson, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve and University of California, Santa Cruz (NOAA) References: 1 Wasson K. Informing Olympia oyster restoration: evaluation of factors that limit populations in a California estuary. Wetlands 2010; 30:449-459. 2012 118
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