Brugia Malayi - Clark Science Center - Smith College

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Geochemistry of Avery Brook, West Whately, MA Katherine Broadwater Avery Brook lies within a 756 hectare forested watershed located near West Whately, MA in the Conway State Forest. It is the primary water source for the City of Northampton’s principle drinking water reservoir. It is a second order stream that includes a number of beaver ponds in the upper part of the catchment. The bedrock underlying the watershed is the Devonian age Williamsburg Granodiorite. Water samples were collected at fourteen sites within the stream system and included samples from beaver ponds and groundwater seeps. Water chemistry is influenced by weathering reactions occurring within the watershed soils as well as by biogeochemical reactions occurring in the beaver ponds during low flow periods in summer. In the field, pH, temperature, and concentrations of dissolved oxygen and specific conductance were measured and water samples were taken at each of the sample sites. Samples were analyzed for Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), Specific Ultra- Violet Absorption (SUVA), anions by ion chromatography (F, Cl, NO 3 , & SO 4 ), cations (Ca, Na, Mg, & K), trace metals (Zn, Fe, Mn, & Ba) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes by cavity ring-down spectroscopy, and alkalinity by Gran titration. Stream discharge was determined at a gage station located near the outlet of the stream using a Campbell Scientific datalogger and Druk transducer that recorded stream stage at ten-minute intervals. Discharge was estimated from stage using a stage discharge relationship determined from velocity-area measurements using a Sontek acoustic doppler current meter and 6-tenths wading rod. Calcium is the dominant cation in Avery Brook and there is a strong correlation between calcium and alkalinity. Calcium is most likely derived from weathering reactions in the till and bedrock and it is likely that the strong correlation with alkalinity is due to the weathering of calcite which is likely present in bedrock veins or in the metamorphic rocks surrounding the granodiorite. Bicarbonate is the dominant anion while sulfate is also high in upstream and groundwater seep waters. During the summer, as water temperature increases and stream discharge decreases, the rate of organic decomposition increases in the beaver ponds leading to the loss of dissolved oxygen. This in turn leads to a decrease in sulfate due to the action of anaerobic sulfur reducing bacteria. During the warmest part of the summer the beaver ponds characteristically have very low sulfate and dissolved oxygen but also have high concentrations of iron and manganese as these metals tend to be mobilized under chemically reducing conditions. During the fall, as stream discharge increases and water temperatures decrease, the dissolved oxygen of the beaver ponds increases along with the sulfate concentrations. Sulfate concentrations increase significantly above the concentrations in the streams entering the ponds suggesting the products of summer sulfate reduction are re-oxidized in the fall and released as a pulse of higher sulfate water. (Supported by the Schultz Foundation) Advisor: Robert Newton 2012 131
Figure 1. The beaver ponds (101, 102, 103, 104, 106, and 107) show the increased rate of organic decomposition. Figure 2. Characteristically low concentrations of Sulfate are found in the beaver ponds during one of the hottest months of summer. 2012 132
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Brugia Malayi - Clark Science Center - Smith College

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