Brugia Malayi - Clark Science Center - Smith College

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The Spatial Distribution of Planktonic Ciliates off the Coast of Rhode Island Kate Brien Planktonic ciliates are important members of the oceanic food web, forming the basis upon which many larger organisms rely. They can also be bio-indicators of microenvironments in the ocean. Understanding the distribution and diversity of various species of ciliates may lead to a better understanding of the ocean and even the effects of global warming. We examined the molecular diversity of ciliate samples collected from a range of depths and distances off the shore of Road Island. Our filtering methods allowed us to look at the DNA of all things between 80um and 2um. This size frame blocked almost all larger organisms such as copeopods and allowed bacteria to pass through uncollected. The filters were stored in DNA prep buffer until the DNA could be extracted using Phenol and Chloroform, adding RNase to ensure that only DNA was saved. The DNA was PCRed using GC primers and then run through Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), which displayed bands of DNA supposedly representing different haplotypes of ciliates. Lastly, we sequenced the brightest of these bands and used BLAST to determine the identity of the ciliates in the sample. Many of the samples had yet to be sampled by the end of the ten weeks, and so results have not been determined yet. We also worked on improving steps in the protocol for analyzing samples. Because we had been receiving mixed results from sequencing, we tried several different methods to find the most effective sequencing protocol. We found that pre-cleaning DNA using exosap or MicroCLean was not needed and that sometimes uncleaned DNA showed up stronger on an agarose gel. We also found that PCRing DNA before sequencing was necessary for the sequences to work. Research into the diversity and ecology of marine ciliates has led to many improvements and adjustment in the way we sample. No broad conclusions can be made, but small discoveries such as the presence of ciliate diversity 850 meters underwater encourages one to continue searching. I am looking forward to continuing research regarding the molecular analysis of ciliates over the school year. (Supported by the National Science Foundation) Advisor: Laura Katz Map of sampling sites, courtesy of Dr. Jean-David Grattenpanche 2012 13
Smith College’s Bird Collection: Accession & History Diane Chen - Smith College’s bird collection located in room 205 of the biology department is a treasure trove assemblage of useful teaching materials and wondrous scientific fascination. The room is filled with 116 mounted and stuffed birds, standing tall above the students in the vertebrate biology lab, and others curious enough to enter. They pose silently but regally, almost ready to jump back into life and fly from their taped glass enclosures. Behind their pearly black eyes and pointed beaks are a mystery shrouding their arrival to Smith College. With no tags or plaques to identify their origin, these birds remain as an untapped wealth of knowledge in historical significance and scientific research. Multiple stories can explain the accession of these birds to Smith College. All of the birds mounts however date back to the early 1900s or earlier, when Smith College was becoming established. The accession of the bird collection could have started in 1885 with Florence Augusta Merriam Bailey’s founding of the first charter Audubon Society at Smith College. 1 This historical event not only showed women successfully in the forefront of leadership, but would later trigger many more Audubon charter societies at other schools. The organization of the Smith College Audubon Society was a response toward the unrighteous slaughtering of whole birds to be adorned on women’s hats as decoration. 1 Bailey gathered students to campaign to outlaw this crime by showing the public how unjust these killings were. Articles were written in protest to newspapers. Bailey was a student at Smith College from 1882 and 1886. 2 She had a great fascination with birds and would later become a reputable ornithologist. She took a novel step in deviating from how most ornithologists studied birds 2 . Instead of studying the bird’s “skins” (as was popular at the time), Bailey would guide students on bird walks to observe living birds in their habitat. She later became an influential writer in the National Audubon Society’s magazine. Bailey did not support the hunting or trapping of birds, however due to this period of large bird appeal, the bird collection could have been started. 2 Because some of the hats had whole birds attached, they were well-preserved specimens that could be easily removed and later mounted. Another speculation on the origin of Smith College’s bird collection was its participation in a larger collection known as the Wilder Collection. 3 The Wilder Collection dates back from 1902 through 1920, with Professor Harris Hawthorne Wilder as the main collector. He was a well-known anthropologist who was also interested in salamanders. The most extensive part of his collection consisted of human skulls and artifacts. Most of the specimens were later given to the University of Massachusetts Amherst, to be added to their anthropology department. However, in the Smith archives, under the Wilder Collection archive box, there is a folder that reads “Wilder Collection—Bird Mounts and Human Skulls.” 3 In this folder are a few correspondences about the bird mounts; however, the majority of the archival material is about the human skull collection and its present whereabouts. Elizabeth Horner, a Smith College biology professor from 1938 until 1986, had oversight of the Smith College bird collection as seen in her correspondence with Mary Leprade, a visiting professor by the name of “Elliot,” and Arcadia Wildlife Sanctuary. 4 On August 30, 1983 Professor Horner wrote to Mary Leprade saying she was “sorting and rearranging the birds” and also “directing 13 duplicates to an appreciative Arcadia. The correspondence between Leprade and Horner show that the bird collection definitely was already well established and needed an “update.” In Betty’s letter to the visiting professor “Elliot,” Horner replies in her letter, ”Please know that it will be my pleasure always to provide you with whatever specimens I can spare from my personal collection. 5 ” The visiting professor borrowed a blue heron. Horner could have donated some of her own bird mounts to the collection, if she had any. Because she was a professor from the biology department, her personal collection could also be an informal description of the already existing Smith College bird collection. The origin of the bird mounts could also be the Forbes Library. Within the Wilder Collection Bird Mount folder in the archives is a newspaper article from Hampshire Life, September 22, 1994, about the bird collection on the second floor of the Forbes Library 6 . Before the 1960s, the Forbes Library carried a vast collection of more than 300 species of birds. Sometime after the 1960s the birds were moved to the Audubon Society in Lincoln, Massachusetts. Perhaps Smith College had obtained some bird mounts from the Forbes Library before all of them were moved to Lincoln. 2012 14
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Brugia Malayi - Clark Science Center - Smith College

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