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Herbs and Spices Herbs and spices have been used for thousands of years for their rich flavor and plentiful health benefits. Their potential for curing chronic disease is alluring to researchers and the public alike, especially after the rise of the cost of health care. Researchers have recently discovered the countless health benefits of herbs and spices, ranging from a decrease in cancer risk to a modification of tumor behavior. Growing evidence leans towards anticancer characteristics in culinary herbs and spices which vary in diet according to ethnicity. They are capable of influencing carcinogen bioactivation and are likely anticancer contributors. These spices have traveled along the Silk Road since the second century and have been used to flavor food since 50,000 B.C. (Kaefer & Milner, 2007). Herbs and spices are used to season and preserve food and can also affect eating habits. A large majority of American households are also trying to reduce their risk of heart disease and cancer, health conditions for which herbs and spices can provide a solution. However, overall food consumption patterns and food preparation techniques are equally important to attain full benefits. Due to the shift in consumption of different ethnic foods the overall consumption of spices has doubled from 1970 to 2005 (Kaefer & Milner, 2007). The medical properties of various herbs and spices. Spice Medical Properties/Indications Spice Medical Properties/Indications Ajowan expectorant, anti-flatulent Galangal expectorant, anti-bacterial Allspice anti-emetic, purgative Garlic anti-microbial, anti-hypercholesterolemia, anti-cancer, antihypertensive Aniseed anti-spasmodic, expectorant, sedative Ginger for colds, anti-emetic, anti-rheumatic Asafetida anti-helminthic, anti-tussive Horseradish anti-microbial, expectorant, purgative Bergamot antiseptic, anti-spasmodic, sedative Lemon Grass fever, insect bites Camphor antiseptic, cardiostmulant, anti-spasmodic Licorice anti-spasmodic, anti-tussive, peptic ulcer Capsicum peppers analgesic, counter-irritant, expectorant Mustards counter-irritant, emetic, purgative Caraway diuretic, anti-spasmodic, galactogogue Nigella diuretic, anti-helminthic, purgative Cardamom antiseptic Nutmeg, Mace astringent, hallucinogen Chive antispetic, diuretic Onion, Shallot for colds, expectorant, anti-cancer, asthma Cilantro antibacterial, anti-inflammatory Paprika colorant, source of ascorbic acid Cinnamon, Cassia antiseptic, anti-diarrhea Peppercorns expectorant, anti-microbial Clove topical anesthetic, anti-dyspeptic Saffron anti-rheumatic, for neuralgia Coriander anti-spasmodic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory Sesame seed diuretic, galactogogue, demulcent Cubeb antiseptic, diuretic, anti-asthma Star anise antiseptic, anti-rheumatic Cumin anti-microbial, vermifuge, diuretic Turmeric anti-arthritic, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer Curry leaves anti-emetic Vanilla anti-spasmodic, febrifuge Fennel anti-spasmodic, diuretic Wasabi expectorant, for sinusitis Fenugreek anti-diabetes, anti-hypercholesterolemia Zedoary expectorant, diuretic 150
Different regions in the world have distinct ethnic food, but there is overlap in the types of spices used in the 36 different countries that were studied. The difficulty in measuring their benefits arises from their small amounts of daily intake. The concentration of these spices also depends on personal preference (Kaefer & Milner, 2007). Herbs known as sages belong to the genus Salvia which includes more than 900 different species. The commonly used sage is a culinary herb that contains many health benefits. There is evidence supporting that is was used as a tonic for treatment in the sixteenth century. To support this finding, many poets have even referred to this herb as medicine in their poetry. The monoterpenoids are responsible for the aromatic scent and are the essential oils that provide the beneficial factors. Sage also possesses medical properties and produces chemicals that are used in the perfumery industry. Some species of Salvia are used as a hallucinogens, and for this reason these species have been deemed illegal in some parts of the world. The hallucinogenic effect of this herb is obtained from dried leaves that are chewed to produce this effect for up to an hour. This short-lasting effect is the reason for why sage is used in many religious rituals (Hanson, 2010). Various spices and herbs. There are many different species of sage which are used in different products such as perfumes and cosmetics. The most commonly used kind is garden sage which is grown in warm, sunny areas. Sage is usually harvested before its flowering because of the quality of essential oil is at its highest then. This oil is then used for its antioxidant properties in cheeses, pickles, processed foods, and bitters. The variety of antioxidants ranges from volatile oils to phenolic acids and contains anti-inflammatory agents which can fight against rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, and atherosclerosis. Sage is highly known for its aromatic fragrant and bitter taste. This herb also proves to be an effective cure for symptoms of menopause, night sweats, and hot flashes and could possibly prove to be a cure for people with diabetes (Kirby, 2008). 151
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Got Food? Recent Advances in Food S
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Chapter 1 Diet and Nutrition Ingrid
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Economic Uncertainty It is simply n
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Administration announced that Omega
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An example of nutritional informati
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Malnutrition and Disease A growing
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Malnutrition Globally Although a gr
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thiamine compounds. Deficiency can
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BMJ-British Medical Journal (2012).
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Chapter 2 Vitamins and Minerals Bar
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The Dangers of Multivitamins and Su
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Vitamin A and Osteoporotic Hip Frac
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Type II diabetes is caused by the i
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Bibliography Alam S.M. (2011, Jan 2
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Riboflavin. (2011). In PubMed Healt
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Chapter 3 Food Supplements Patrick
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3112 31-50 49 ± 1 35 ± 1 18 ± 1
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An example of a chemically engineer
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Step 1 Herbs are checked for pestic
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Agent Active Ingredient(s) Trade Na
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St. John‘s wort (Hypericumperfora
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Pravst, I., &Žmitek, K. (2011). Th
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In the late 1970s, the first insuli
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New Developments Researchers are co
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Prevention and Treatment Pre-diabet
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There are three forms of insulin av
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Crandall, J. P. (2010, April). Diab
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Chapter 5 Diet and Heart Disease Re
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Dilated cardiomyopathy condition is
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The buildup of plaque within the ar
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Heart disease death rates, total po
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Sensory vegetarians avoid meat beca
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This table documents the relative l
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However, vegetarian diets do receiv
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Turner-McGrievy, G. (2010.) Nutrien
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Scientists are aware that physical
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one study, research examined two ch
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contributing to the metabolic syndr
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In 2011, an Australian study concer
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the food pass through the stomach,
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Giovannucci, E., & Michaud, D. (200
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There is already a basic infrastruc
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estrictions on how much can be grow
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A fisherman prepares to sift throug
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Slow Food is an international organ
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It is a sad fact that the food syst
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Illustration Credits http://static.
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One of Borlaug‘s most important c
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Different crops use different resou
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Page 105 and 106: Chapter 10 Food Preservation Adam C
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Page 115 and 116: Parish. M. (2006). How do salt and
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Page 159 and 160: Phosphates and Kidney Disease A tea
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