Got Food? - the Scientia Review

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An example of pest invasion. Although intended to improve food quality and quantity, pesticides have had a variety of environmental impacts. Although not by design, 95% of all pesticides move to unintended destinations, killing species unrelated to farming (Sustaining the earth, 2004). Pesticides reduce biodiversity by killing a large number of soil-borne organisms as well as miscellaneous plants and animals. During the Green Revolution, pesticides were spread throughout developing countries. This widespread use of poisonous chemicals severely impacted the local environment around farms, affecting plant and animal life and bringing multiple species closer to extinction. Fertilizer Production and Soil Depletion A fertilizer is a substance that is added to soil to provide nutrients for crops. These nutrients were often used to replace nutrients used up by previous crops, often due to the over farming of farmland. A main part of fertilizer is fixed nitrogen (usually in the form of ammonia.) In the natural nitrogen cycle, bacteria fix the nitrogen that is used by plants.. The industrial fertilization process fixes unnatural amounts of nitrogen from the atmosphere into soil, allowing for more crops to be grown using rich soil. Fixing large quantities of nitrogen from the atmosphere has had a number of less predictable environmental effects, including low oxygen levels in water, heavy metal and radioactive element accumulation, and an increase in the quantity of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere (Bodelier, 2000). Fertilizers also can cause chemical burns on nearby animals and plants. Chemical symbol for urea, a less potentially harmful form of ammonia produced by animals Political Involvement The Green Revolution was riddled with political and socioeconomic strife due to various unforeseen effects of the new agricultural production. The most brought up and extremely detrimental effect was the destruction of much of the supplemental diet of poor peasants and farmers. The promoted use of pesticides destroyed weedy vegetables present throughout the fields, in turn destroying the main 98
source of Vitamin A for the poor population. In rice paddies in the more tropical areas of Asia, small fish that lived in the marshy waters were killed by the chemical pesticides, creating a protein deficiency in local farmers‘ diets. These disadvantages to the technologically advanced farming techniques caused dissent in some areas of the world because of impact they created. The Green Revolution was also very much a play by the United States to gain favor and power in areas of the world they had lost footholds in. The government of the US was challenged by the communist regime in China, and placed under even more pressure following their failure to secure a decisive military victory in the Korean War. They decided to attempt to counteract this growing loss of control by helping India feed its population, which was growing rapidly despite a severe shortage of food. The entirety of the US goal was to set in motion an effort that would place them in an alliance with one of the fastest growing and potentially influential nations in the world by helping them to eradicate a persistent problem (Reiff, 2011). The main ideology behind the United States‘ push into the developing world was the phrase ―where hunger goes, communism follows‖. The administrations of Truman, Kennedy, Eisenhower, and Johnson all became heavily invested in the fight against poverty in the southeast regions of Asia. Widespread use of new pesticides, fertilizers, and high yield crops became the standard response, and funds from philanthropist sources as well as government tasked teams were thrown at this ever growing problem. India‘s problems were nearly resolved only a few decades after the onset of this program, indicating a major success by the United States in accomplishing their goal (Reiff, 2011). Food Quantities The underlying product of the Green Revolution was the increase in crop yields worldwide. With heightened efficiency and productivity, farms were able to better meet the demand of locals, curtailing previous deficits which plagued the respective regions. Mexico, India, Malaysia, and other developing countries increased their output through the Green Revolution in crop such as maize and wheat, and world production increased overall. Even in the post-Revolution decades, the techniques and innovations of the Green Revolution were spread naturally throughout Asia and South America, resulting in increasing global output well into the 21 st century. Wheat yields in developing countries from 1950 to 2004. Yield values are given in kilograms per hectare of land. Data for the plot was compiled from FAO database. 99
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Got Food? Recent Advances in Food S
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Chapter 1 Diet and Nutrition Ingrid
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Economic Uncertainty It is simply n
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Administration announced that Omega
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An example of nutritional informati
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Malnutrition and Disease A growing
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Malnutrition Globally Although a gr
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thiamine compounds. Deficiency can
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BMJ-British Medical Journal (2012).
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Chapter 2 Vitamins and Minerals Bar
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The Dangers of Multivitamins and Su
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Vitamin A and Osteoporotic Hip Frac
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Type II diabetes is caused by the i
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Bibliography Alam S.M. (2011, Jan 2
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Riboflavin. (2011). In PubMed Healt
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Chapter 3 Food Supplements Patrick
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3112 31-50 49 ± 1 35 ± 1 18 ± 1
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An example of a chemically engineer
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Step 1 Herbs are checked for pestic
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Agent Active Ingredient(s) Trade Na
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St. John‘s wort (Hypericumperfora
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Pravst, I., &Žmitek, K. (2011). Th
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In the late 1970s, the first insuli
Page 47 and 48: New Developments Researchers are co
Page 49 and 50: Prevention and Treatment Pre-diabet
Page 51 and 52: There are three forms of insulin av
Page 53 and 54: Crandall, J. P. (2010, April). Diab
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 5 Diet and Heart Disease Re
Page 57 and 58: Dilated cardiomyopathy condition is
Page 59 and 60: The buildup of plaque within the ar
Page 61 and 62: Heart disease death rates, total po
Page 63 and 64: Sensory vegetarians avoid meat beca
Page 65 and 66: This table documents the relative l
Page 67 and 68: However, vegetarian diets do receiv
Page 69 and 70: Turner-McGrievy, G. (2010.) Nutrien
Page 71 and 72: Scientists are aware that physical
Page 73 and 74: one study, research examined two ch
Page 75 and 76: contributing to the metabolic syndr
Page 77 and 78: In 2011, an Australian study concer
Page 79 and 80: the food pass through the stomach,
Page 81 and 82: Giovannucci, E., & Michaud, D. (200
Page 83 and 84: There is already a basic infrastruc
Page 85 and 86: estrictions on how much can be grow
Page 87 and 88: A fisherman prepares to sift throug
Page 89 and 90: Slow Food is an international organ
Page 91 and 92: It is a sad fact that the food syst
Page 93 and 94: Illustration Credits http://static.
Page 95 and 96: One of Borlaug‘s most important c
Page 97: Different crops use different resou
Page 101 and 102: Plot of world grain production per
Page 103 and 104: Recent studies also highlight the h
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 10 Food Preservation Adam C
Page 107 and 108: Common spoiling enzymes and their e
Page 109 and 110: Freezing, along with drying, is use
Page 111 and 112: With these new developments in pres
Page 113 and 114: An area of future research is bacte
Page 115 and 116: Parish. M. (2006). How do salt and
Page 117 and 118: Applications Recently, scientists h
Page 119 and 120: livestock nutrition as well. Throug
Page 121 and 122: modified/engineered crops are benef
Page 123 and 124: added regulatory process, the EU na
Page 125 and 126: Future of GMO Crops A booming globa
Page 127 and 128: Biotech crops are benefitting peopl
Page 129 and 130: Levidow, L., Carr, S., and Wield D.
Page 131 and 132: This bar graph illustrates the amou
Page 133 and 134: to the tropics, where an estimated
Page 135 and 136: The search for sustainable agricult
Page 137 and 138: water lost to evaporation. It is al
Page 139 and 140: Francis, C. A., & Porter, P. (2011)
Page 141 and 142: and science. In a similar way, know
Page 143 and 144: Sustainable and Alternative Agricul
Page 145 and 146: After the farmed organisms have mat
Page 147 and 148: Farmers seeking for a hydroponics m
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Chapter 14 Food Additives Naveena S
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Different regions in the world have
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However, probiotic lactobacilli fac
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and potentially harmful. In 1977 th
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Recent discoveries have led to the
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Phosphates and Kidney Disease A tea
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It is not yet confirmed that using
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Illustration Credits http://www.cho
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Fuel Types and Biomass Environmenta
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Kerosene and LPG are commonly used
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The map displays the amount of deat
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Global Politics on Cooking in Devel
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Lahkar, P. J., Samdarshi, S. K. (20
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