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Tissue or Organ Affected Blood vessels Eyes Kidneys Nerves Autonomic system Skin nervous Effects Long-Term Complications of Diabetes Fatty material (atherosclerotic plaque) builds up and blocks large or medium-sized arteries in the heart, brain, legs, and penis. The walls of small blood vessels are damaged so that the vessels do not transfer oxygen to tissues normally, and the vessels may leak. The small blood vessels of the retina are damaged. Blood vessels in the kidneys thicken. Protein leaks into urine. Blood is not filtered normally. Nerves are damaged because glucose is not metabolized normally and because the blood supply is inadequate. The nerves that control blood pressure and digestive processes are damaged. Blood flow to the skin is reduced, and sensation is decreased, resulting in repeated injury. Complications Poor circulation causes wounds to heal poorly and can lead to heart disorders, strokes, gangrene of the feet and hands, erectile dysfunction (impotence), and infections. Decreased vision and, ultimately, blindness occur. The kidneys malfunction, and ultimately, kidney failure occurs. Legs suddenly or gradually weaken. People have reduced sensation, tingling, and pain in their hands and feet. Swings in blood pressure occur. Swallowing becomes difficult. Digestive function is altered, and sometimes bouts of diarrhea occur. Erectile dysfunction develops. Sores and deep infections (diabetic ulcers) develop. Healing is poor. Blood White blood cell function is impaired. People become more susceptible to infections, especially of the urinary tract and skin. Connective tissue Glucose is not metabolized normally, causing tissues to thicken or contract. Carpal tunnel syndrome and Dupuytren's contracture develop. The table above describes complications with diabetes (Crandall, 2010). Literature Cited Can diabetes type 1 be prevented?. (2001, March 1). British Journal of Ophthalmology (0007- 1161), 85. Retrieved from http://bjo.bmj.com/ Carbone, N. (2012, January 17). Butter connoisseur Paula Deen admits type 2 diabetes battle. Time Magazine, Retrieved from http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/01/17/butterconnoisseur-paula-deen-admits-type-2-diabetes-battle Centers For Disease Control, (2011). National diabetes fact sheet. Retrieved from website: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2011.pdf Cihakova, D. (2001, September 10). Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Retrieved from http://autoimmune.pathology.jhmi.edu 52
Crandall, J. P. (2010, April). Diabetes mellitus (dm). Retrieved from http://www.merkmanuals.com Eckman, A. (2011). Hypoglycemia. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed health/PMH0001423/ Fact sheets: type 1 diabetes facts, (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.jdrf.org/ Ferry, R. F. (2011). Emedicine health. Retrieved from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/low_ blood_sugar_hypoglycemia/article_em.htm Fowler, M. (2008, October). Hypoglycemia. American Diabetes Association. Retrieved on March 22nd, 2012, from http:// http://clinical.diabetesjournals.org/. Frequently asked questions (faqs), (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.jdrf.org/ Genetics & diabetes: what’s your risk?, (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.joslin.org/ Homann, Dirk, (2011). Type 1 diabetes. Retrieved from http://www.accessscience.com/ Hypoglycemia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/hypoglycemia- 000090.htm Hypoglycemia coma. (2012). Reactive hypoglycemia. Retrieved from http://www.reactive hypoglycemia.net/hypoglycemia-coma.html. Hypoglycemia diet. (2012). Reactive hypoglycemia. Retrieved from http://www.reactivehypogl ycemia.net/hypoglycemia-diet.html. Hypoglycemia effects. (2012). Reactive hypoglycemia. Retrieved from http://www.reactive hypoglycemia.net/hypoglycemia-effects.html. Hypoglycemia foods. (2012). Reactive hypoglycemia. Retrieved from http://www.reactivehypo glycemia.net/hypoglycemia-foods.html. Long-term effects of neonatal hypoglycemia on brain growth and psychomotor development in small-for-gestational-age preterm infants. (1999). National Institute of Health. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10190926. Low blood sugar. (2012). Reactive hypoglycemia. Retrieved from http://www.reactivehypogly cemia.net/low-blood-sugar.html Mathews, D. R., & Levy, J. C. (2009). Impending type 2 diabetes. The Lancet, 373(9682), 2178– 2179. Mayo Clinic. (2010, January 12). Hypoglycemia Treatment. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hypoglycemia/DS00198/DSECTION=treatmentsand-drugs. National diabetes fact sheet, (2011). Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ 53
Page 1 and 2: Got Food? Recent Advances in Food S
Page 3 and 4: Chapter 1 Diet and Nutrition Ingrid
Page 5 and 6: Economic Uncertainty It is simply n
Page 7 and 8: Administration announced that Omega
Page 9 and 10: An example of nutritional informati
Page 11 and 12: Malnutrition and Disease A growing
Page 13 and 14: Malnutrition Globally Although a gr
Page 15 and 16: thiamine compounds. Deficiency can
Page 17 and 18: BMJ-British Medical Journal (2012).
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2 Vitamins and Minerals Bar
Page 21 and 22: The Dangers of Multivitamins and Su
Page 23 and 24: Vitamin A and Osteoporotic Hip Frac
Page 25 and 26: Type II diabetes is caused by the i
Page 27 and 28: Bibliography Alam S.M. (2011, Jan 2
Page 29 and 30: Riboflavin. (2011). In PubMed Healt
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 Food Supplements Patrick
Page 33 and 34: 3112 31-50 49 ± 1 35 ± 1 18 ± 1
Page 35 and 36: An example of a chemically engineer
Page 37 and 38: Step 1 Herbs are checked for pestic
Page 39 and 40: Agent Active Ingredient(s) Trade Na
Page 41 and 42: St. John‘s wort (Hypericumperfora
Page 43 and 44: Pravst, I., &Žmitek, K. (2011). Th
Page 45 and 46: In the late 1970s, the first insuli
Page 47 and 48: New Developments Researchers are co
Page 49 and 50: Prevention and Treatment Pre-diabet
Page 51: There are three forms of insulin av
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 5 Diet and Heart Disease Re
Page 57 and 58: Dilated cardiomyopathy condition is
Page 59 and 60: The buildup of plaque within the ar
Page 61 and 62: Heart disease death rates, total po
Page 63 and 64: Sensory vegetarians avoid meat beca
Page 65 and 66: This table documents the relative l
Page 67 and 68: However, vegetarian diets do receiv
Page 69 and 70: Turner-McGrievy, G. (2010.) Nutrien
Page 71 and 72: Scientists are aware that physical
Page 73 and 74: one study, research examined two ch
Page 75 and 76: contributing to the metabolic syndr
Page 77 and 78: In 2011, an Australian study concer
Page 79 and 80: the food pass through the stomach,
Page 81 and 82: Giovannucci, E., & Michaud, D. (200
Page 83 and 84: There is already a basic infrastruc
Page 85 and 86: estrictions on how much can be grow
Page 87 and 88: A fisherman prepares to sift throug
Page 89 and 90: Slow Food is an international organ
Page 91 and 92: It is a sad fact that the food syst
Page 93 and 94: Illustration Credits http://static.
Page 95 and 96: One of Borlaug‘s most important c
Page 97 and 98: Different crops use different resou
Page 99 and 100: source of Vitamin A for the poor po
Page 101 and 102: Plot of world grain production per
Page 103 and 104:
Recent studies also highlight the h
Page 105 and 106:
Chapter 10 Food Preservation Adam C
Page 107 and 108:
Common spoiling enzymes and their e
Page 109 and 110:
Freezing, along with drying, is use
Page 111 and 112:
With these new developments in pres
Page 113 and 114:
An area of future research is bacte
Page 115 and 116:
Parish. M. (2006). How do salt and
Page 117 and 118:
Applications Recently, scientists h
Page 119 and 120:
livestock nutrition as well. Throug
Page 121 and 122:
modified/engineered crops are benef
Page 123 and 124:
added regulatory process, the EU na
Page 125 and 126:
Future of GMO Crops A booming globa
Page 127 and 128:
Biotech crops are benefitting peopl
Page 129 and 130:
Levidow, L., Carr, S., and Wield D.
Page 131 and 132:
This bar graph illustrates the amou
Page 133 and 134:
to the tropics, where an estimated
Page 135 and 136:
The search for sustainable agricult
Page 137 and 138:
water lost to evaporation. It is al
Page 139 and 140:
Francis, C. A., & Porter, P. (2011)
Page 141 and 142:
and science. In a similar way, know
Page 143 and 144:
Sustainable and Alternative Agricul
Page 145 and 146:
After the farmed organisms have mat
Page 147 and 148:
Farmers seeking for a hydroponics m
Page 149 and 150:
Chapter 14 Food Additives Naveena S
Page 151 and 152:
Different regions in the world have
Page 153 and 154:
However, probiotic lactobacilli fac
Page 155 and 156:
and potentially harmful. In 1977 th
Page 157 and 158:
Recent discoveries have led to the
Page 159 and 160:
Phosphates and Kidney Disease A tea
Page 161 and 162:
It is not yet confirmed that using
Page 163 and 164:
Illustration Credits http://www.cho
Page 165 and 166:
Fuel Types and Biomass Environmenta
Page 167 and 168:
Kerosene and LPG are commonly used
Page 169 and 170:
The map displays the amount of deat
Page 171 and 172:
Global Politics on Cooking in Devel
Page 173:
Lahkar, P. J., Samdarshi, S. K. (20
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