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water trap even for six months. In 47 plants, toilets have been connected and 44 out of these were in use. • Only 20% of the users have carried out minor repairs and maintenance works in their plants. There were no major problems and the minor one encountered were told to be the leakage of gas from gas tap, breaking and damage of lamps, cracks in rubber hose pipe and thread-slipping of water trap. It was observed, however, that except for these relatively minor problems, no major maintenance of structures was needed to be carried out. The maintenance work carried out included changing/repairing gas tap (3%), replacing rubber hose pipe (2%). mending gas lamps (10%) and repairing of water trap. The amount spent on executing these maintenance works fell in the range of Rs. 50 to 200 since the installation of plant. Only one household spent more than Rs. 300. Most of the repair works were told to be carried out by the owners themselves. Some of the pending repair work as observed were changing/replacing of gas tap (5%), mending of lamp (7%), changing of hose pipe (2%), repairing of gas stove (3%) and water trap (2%) and maintenance of pipeline (2%). • Only 40% of the users have received formal training on operation of plant. It was reported that, company personal paid routine visits once in 32 plants, twice in 12 plants, three times in 17 plants and more than three times in 13 plants after the completion of the construction activities. The remaining 26 plants were not visited even once since the completion of construction. When asked the owners as regards visits of company staff on request, it was reported that 15 plants were visited once, 2 plants twice, 1 plant three times and 1 plant more than three times. • It was told that 69% of the owners have taken loans from bank to install their plants and the others constructed it on cash. It has been reported that repayment of biogas loan has a good record and biogas loans have performed well. The average percentage overdue on outstanding loans, for the period 1988/89 to 1993/94 was about 12% for biogas loans against 35 - 40% of all loans as reported by the MIS Division of the Agricultural Development Bank. Repayment rates for biogas loans sanctioned under the present subsidy scheme (from 1991/92 to 1994/95) were analyzed by the Planning and Project Division of ADB/N for its nine different offices in Terai and Hills districts, the results of which revealed that the rates varied between 77 to 88% with an average of 82%. The present users survey also has found that 12% of the plant owners have repaid all the bank loans and only 14 % were having due payments. The remaining were paying on time. The performance of bank was told to be good in sanctioning loans. • The overall physical condition of the sampled plants has been categorized in five groups. Of the 100 plants surveyed, 8 plants were rated as very good, 49 as good, 37 as satisfactory and 6 poor. Gas stoves (clogging of burner and blockage of air inlet), drain pit, compost pit and top filling over dome were some of the components poorly maintained in most of the plants. • It was reported that 10% of the users were highly satisfied with the working of their plants while 70% were satisfied and the remaining 18% stated that they were not satisfied. On being interviewed if they were getting what they expected prior to the installation of biogas plant, 3% of the respondents told the amount of gas to be more than their prior expectation, 78% said it to be as expected and the remaining 19% expressed the quantity to be less than what they had expected. • The amount of gas production as estimated based upon the burning hours of stoves and lamps was estimated to be more than 80% of the theoretical expectation in 20 plants, 61 -80% in 20 plants, 41 -60% in 32 plants. 20-40% in 25 plants and less than 20% in 3 plants. Regarding sufficiency of gas to meet household demand, for 91 % of the users it was sufficient in summer. In winter time the gas was said to be sufficient for only 49% of them. The quantity of gas was told to be decreasing considerably for four months, from November to February. • While rating biogas plants based upon physical status, gas production and users' level of satisfaction at a range of 1 to 5, the average mark of the sampled plants was 3.15. The overall rating indicated that the
majority of sampled plants fall under good category (49%) followed by satisfactory (31 %), very good (13%) and poor (7%). No plant fall under very poor category. • The impacts of biogas on time allocation to biogas related activities were found to be positive in the sense that there is an overall saving in time because of plant installation. The study revealed that, a family saved on average 2.20 hrs per day When being interviewed if they experienced any saving of time due to installation of biogas, 94% of the total respondents answered that they did experience significant time saving. Those who experienced time saving replied that the time saved was used in number of ways such as farm activities (60%), child care (2%), kitchen gardening (17%) etc. Some of them told that the saved time is mainly used to take rest (2%) and remain idle as it is felt prestigious (2%). • The average total burning hours of stove and lamp were assessed to be 2.33 and 1.19 hours respectively per day. From this data, assuming that a stove needs 400 litres of gas per hour and a gas lamp needs 200 litres of gas per hour, the total gas production is estimated to be 117 cubic metres per day. Theoretically this saved an equivalent quantity of 12285 kgs of firewood or 2165 litres of kerosene per month, the monetary value of which comes to be Rs. 2,21,130 and Rs. 2,85,780 respectively per year. The cost of firewood and kerosene for the above calculation is taken to be Rs.1.50 per kg and Rs 11 per litre, the mean of the rates as responded by the users during interviews. The actual total saving of firewood and kerosene was calculated to be 5051 Bharis, approximately 1,51,530 kgs and 1130 litres respectively based upon the responses as delivered by the respondents. This resulted in an actual saving of Rs. 2,27,295 from the fuelwood and Rs.12,430 from the kerosene giving a total of Rs. 2,39,725. The quite similarity in the two saving values indicates the consistency of information as responded by users. • The slurry was told to be used as liquid (1%), as solid - sun dried (60%) and as compost (34%). The remaining give slurry to others. The users' perception on the effectiveness of slurry over the farm yard manure revealed that 24% of the total respondents saw no different between these two, 32% told that slurry had less nutrient value than dung, and 32% were of the view that slurry was somewhat better than farm yard manure. The remaining 12% could not say any thing. After the use of slurry, the production of crops was said to be same by 22%, increased significantly by 11% and increased a little by 8%. It was also reported that 5% of the respondents have reduced the quantity of chemical fertilizer after the use of slurry. • The present study revealed that all the sampled plant owners admired the health benefits. They informed that there were visible implications on personal health and general sanitary condition of the surrounding after the installation of biogas plants. Women interviewed mentioned that they coughed much less, had fewer incidences of headache and dizziness, suffered from fewer eye infections and felt greater ease in respiration. • It was felt that one sampled plant may have helped in motivating about 8 other neighbours. Non of the plants was found to have a negative impact on extension. Because of the fact that all of the studied plants were performing well and almost all the users were satisfied with the installation, these plants have very good and positive impacts on extension. 80% of the owners think that the neighbours and relatives are motivated to install biogas plant seeing the performance of their plants. • Installation of biogas has positive impacts on the environment by checking forest depletion. It has been estimated that the sampled 100 plants have helped in saving approximately 2.5 hectares of forest calculated based on gas consumption. • Increase in the incidence of mosquito and other insects (68%), tension due to loans (13%), additional time required to collect water (23%) and less tasty food cooked in biogas (68%) were some of the negative things responded by users. • The perception of the respondents towards the effects of biogas on them was found to be very positive and
Page 1 and 2: BIOGAS SUPPORT PROGRAMME (BSP) Fina
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS ...
Page 5 and 6: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB/N -
Page 7 and 8: Table - 37 : Cross-Table Showing Re
Page 9: ABSTRACTS • In order to solve the
Page 17 and 18: 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Page 19 and 20: In the open context of HMG/N's econ
Page 21 and 22: iv. Observation of kitchen and the
Page 23: 1.6.3 Pokhara Gobar Gas Sewa Kendra
Page 27 and 28: 2.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT OWNER
Page 29 and 30: 2.5.2 Land Holding In rural Nepal,
Page 31 and 32: Table - 8 (a) : Educational Status
Page 33 and 34: 3.0 CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND MAI
Page 35 and 36: Table-14(a): Relationship Of Plant
Page 37 and 38: i. Dung Feeding Biogas plants requi
Page 39 and 40: epair and maintenance works by thei
Page 41 and 42: 3.4.2 After-sale-services Biogas co
Page 43 and 44: 4.0 FINANCING OF BIOGAS PLANT Recog
Page 45 and 46: Figure- 4(b) : No. of Biogas Plants
Page 47 and 48: 4.3 Cost of Biogas Plants The total
Page 49 and 50: 5.0 PERFORMANCE OF BIOGAS PLANTS
Page 51 and 52: It was found that more than 50% of
Page 53 and 54: Table - 38 : List of Plants Whose G
Page 55 and 56: 5.5 Overall Performance The overall
Page 57 and 58: 6.0 EFFECTS OF BIOGAS PLANT The pro
Page 59 and 60: When asked if they are satisfied wi
Page 61 and 62:
condition of the family. 3% of them
Page 63 and 64:
Attempts were also made to assess t
Page 65 and 66:
and sanitation impacts are summariz
Page 67 and 68:
Another factor to be considered is
Page 69 and 70:
USERS PERCEPTION The study team col
Page 71 and 72:
Table- 55 : Merits Of Biogas Plant
Page 73 and 74:
8.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 75 and 76:
8. It is important to ensure that t
Page 77 and 78:
9.0 REFERENCES 1. HMG/N & SNV/Nepal
Page 79 and 80:
ANNEXES
Page 81 and 82:
Annex—1 : General Information on
Page 83 and 84:
Annex-2: Family size & Land Holding
Page 85 and 86:
Annex - 3: Information on Productio
Page 87 and 88:
Annex-4: Information on Fuel Use S.
Page 89 and 90:
Annex - 5: Information on Plant fee
Page 91 and 92:
Annex - 6: Operation of Biogas Plan
Page 93 and 94:
Annex - 7: Information on repair &
Page 95 and 96:
Annex—8: Information on Time Allo
Page 97 and 98:
Annex - 9: Information on Impacts o
Page 99 and 100:
Annex - 10: Information on Impact o
Page 101 and 102:
Annex - 11: Information on on Impac
Page 103 and 104:
Annex - 12: Information on Gas Use
Page 105 and 106:
Annex - 13: Information on Financin
Page 107 and 108:
Annex - 14: Physical condition of t
Page 109 and 110:
Annex-14: Physical condition of the
Page 111 and 112:
Annex-15: Weighted Average rating o
Page 113 and 114:
TERMS Of REFERENCE for BIOGAS USERS
Page 115:
6. Budget The budget required by th
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