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coatings provide improved surface durability is not fully understood at this time and is the subject of continuing research, figure II shows typical microstructure photographs of tested samples. Failure analysis conducted by the GM Pow-ertrain Gear Laboratory revealed that most distress is surface-initiated fine grain pitting. Surface cracks initiating at inclusions were also found. The inclusions may have been non-metallic impurities in the steel or could have been caused by a manufacturing operation. There were also flnd- .- _, 1!24.53, ,.1!1.5!1, ralS7 ow.oPlnlon,~ ings of intergranular oxidation ([GO), related ,1l8o/L73,hio4Ul._ + II
gear with standard pinions (4). isotropic 2 (5). standard sun gears mated with pillions that were not shot debarred (6), non-metalliccoated sun gear (7), standard sun gears with honed pinions (8),. and sun gears and pinions both hailed (9). Among tile characteristics producing significant. surface durability improvement are the surface finish, the residual stress pattern, the surface hardness. and superior tooth geometry control. Planet tooth surface roughne s appears to have a significant effect on the SUIl gear surface durabili.ty··O A,cknowledgments The accomplishment of this project occurred through tbe joint efforts of all the project team members, the manufacturing facility of GMPT·St. Catharine and GM Powertrain gear lest and inspection laboratories. The authors would also like to express their appreciation to those who provided assi stance and information to this project. R,efer,ences. 1. Chen. J. "Planetary eedle Bearing Development to Enhance Transmission Power Density," To be published. 2. PC· WAS WeibuU AJ1aiysis System User Guide, developed by EDS Group, March 1993. 3. Hardy, A. "An Action Analysis of Gear Teeth With Modified Lead and Profile," SAE 670050, 4. Hashimoto. F. "Modeling and Optimization of Vibratory Finishing Process," Annals of CIPP, Vol. 45, January 1.996. 5. Simpson. R . and R. Garibay .."Quantification of Shot Peening Process Variables Affecting Workpiece Performance-Process Control. and Double Shot Peening Medi.a," SAE-8507'14. lal15x Case microstructure to examinelempered rna rte nsite and retained a ustenite. 500~. Etchant4% Nital. This artlcle was fiirst Ipublished intbe' P,roceedingsohhe International Conference 'on Mechanicall Transmissions. heidi in Apr:il 20011 in Chongqing •.thina .. (b) 500x Core microstructure to examine temper,ed martensite and some transformation products. 500x. Etcha lit 4% Nilai. Tell Us Mat Younink ... VISit www,,,'lfIChnDlogy.comto • Rate this article • Request more information • CoAIIct the author or companies mentioned • Make a suggestion Or call (847)437-&604 to talk to one of our editors! Ie) 1.0Ci0x SEM photographs showing the pit examined. Intergrannlar oxidation and inclusion examl' nation nea r ha rdened case area. 5OOx. Etchan! 2% Nital. Figure l1-Typical microstructure photograph of tested parts. www.pow8rlran$mission.com' www.geartechnoiDgy.com ,. GEAR TECHNOLOGY' JULY/AUGUST 2002 25
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