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A guide for the preparation and use of buffers in biological systems

A guide for the preparation and use of buffers in biological systems

A guide for the preparation and use of buffers in biological systems

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Table <strong>of</strong> Contents:<br />

Why Does Calbiochem® Biochemicals Publish a Booklet on Buffers? . . . . . . . . . .1<br />

Water, The Fluid <strong>of</strong> Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2<br />

Ionization <strong>of</strong> Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3<br />

Dissociation Constants <strong>of</strong> Weak Acids <strong>and</strong> Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4<br />

Henderson-Hasselbach Equation: pH <strong>and</strong> pK a<br />

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5<br />

Determ<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> pK a<br />

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6<br />

pK a<br />

Values <strong>for</strong> Commonly Used Biological Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7<br />

Buffers, Buffer Capacity, <strong>and</strong> Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8<br />

Biological Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10<br />

Buffer<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Cells <strong>and</strong> Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10<br />

Effect <strong>of</strong> Temperature on pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12<br />

Effect <strong>of</strong> Buffers on Factors O<strong>the</strong>r than pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13<br />

Use <strong>of</strong> Water-Miscible Organic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14<br />

Solubility Equilibrium: Effect <strong>of</strong> pH on Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14<br />

pH Measurements: Some Useful Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15<br />

Choos<strong>in</strong>g a Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16<br />

Preparation <strong>of</strong> Some Common Buffers <strong>for</strong> Use<br />

<strong>in</strong> Biological Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18<br />

Commonly Used Buffer Media <strong>in</strong> Biological Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22<br />

Isoelectric Po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> Selected Prote<strong>in</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24<br />

Isoelectric Po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> Selected Plasma Prote<strong>in</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26<br />

Approximate pH <strong>and</strong> Bicarbonate Concentration <strong>in</strong><br />

Extracellular Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26<br />

Ionization Constants K <strong>and</strong> pK a<br />

<strong>for</strong> Selected Acids <strong>and</strong><br />

Bases <strong>in</strong> Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27<br />

Physical Properties <strong>of</strong> Some Commonly Used Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27<br />

Some Useful Tips <strong>for</strong> Calculation <strong>of</strong> Concentrations <strong>and</strong><br />

Spectrophotometric Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28<br />

CALBIOCHEM® Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30<br />

iii

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