INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY Nancy White - Touro Institute

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What are the different kinds of archaeology, how did each originate, and in what larger discipline? Many of them overlap, and many do not have a completely anthropological viewpoint. Some immediately think of archaeology in terms of Egypt or Rome, not realizing you can do it anywhere; someone probably has, right where you live. Much of classical archaeology concerns what Western culture considers the classic civilizations of western Asia, Egypt, and Europe, and the study of these derives in large part from history, philology (study of ancient texts), and art history. Prehistoric is often distinguished from historic archaeology, the latter being study of cultures who have written history. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish the boundary between history and prehistory, since early writing systems do not tell us everything and that boundary is at radically different times in different places. When does history begin here in Florida? As soon as the first Spanish arrive in the early sixteenth century and write down what they see of the native people they encountered. Are these accounts biased? Of course; they are ethnocentric and concerned with specifics of the expeditions, getting food, gold, other needs, and often considered the natives as less than human. What are the biases of history? Who writes history? The winners, the elites. In the Americas there is a distinct body of methods and theory for historic archaeology, and we have now gone from investigating only the elite sites (such as plantations in the South, often much better-funded projects) to the sites of those without history (such as slave cabins at those plantations, or camps of imported Chinese railroad workers, or other minority peoples). Clearly classical archaeology is historic archaeology as well. In Europe, archaeology is often considered by default to be classical materials and time periods, as distinguished from prehistory. So that, for example, in Florence, Italy, the prehistory museum goes from the first Paleolithic people hundreds of thousands of years ago to the Bronze Age, some 4,000 years ago, while the archaeology museum begins with the Bronze Age and goes through the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome. Prehistoric archaeology has its own difficulties, such as the possibility of past human systems with no modern analogs that we would have a hard time reconstructing. Sometimes we have to treat early civilizations as if they were prehistoric, if their writing systems cannot be understood. This is the case in the Indus River Valley of India and Pakistan, for example. Study of the great Maya civilization in Mesoamerica has lately been “transformed” into
historic archaeology because we can finally read their glyphic writing [show picture of glyphs]. The story of this breakthrough is given in Breaking the Maya Code (Coe 1999), which details how epigraphers (who studied the glyphs), linguists, historians and art historians, as well as archaeologists, disagreed or cooperated in the solving of the puzzles, and how political issues delayed progress, since the correct interpretations by a Russian linguist were ignored because of the Cold War. Underwater archaeology is another specialization that requires a whole additional body of knowledge, and not only about diving. What else would be different? Specific techniques and methods adapted to the underwater environment, complex machinery and recording systems, various technologies, and also general knowledge of boats and ships, which you need to get out there even if you are not excavating shipwrecks. It is something like 100 times as expensive as terrestrial archaeology. Besides sunken watercraft, there is everything else imaginable underwater, from silted-in ports and docks to lost cities submerged during floods or earthquakes to prehistoric camps drowned after the end of the Ice Age when the glaciers melted and sea levels rose. Pseudoarch aeology is a term given to non-scientific accounts based on real or imagined evidence. People are still looking for lost continents such as Atlantis, another one in the Pacific called Mu, evidence that Native Americans are the ten lost tribes of Israelites from the Bible, or that early forms of humans still exist (such as the Abominable Snowman, Yeti, or closer to home, the “Skunk Ape” still supposedly being sighted in Florida forests). This is the kind of phony archaeology seen on television's In Search Of or in bad-science movies such as Stargate. Is it harmless? Think of the pseudoarchaeology of Erik Van Daniken’s Chariots of the Gods (1971) and other books, which claim that ancient astronauts arrived to teach people how to build pyramids and so on. This is the ultimate racism or ethnocentrism, indicating that ancient humans were not smart enough to think of complex technology such
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What is the meaning of Upper Paleol
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plant remains that suggest year-rou
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The population pressure hypothesis,
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What fascinating evidence of Neolit
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maize-beans-squash complex was the
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where Mexico City is located today
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Lesson Objectives: Trace the develo
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What were the earliest regional sta
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dynasty, conquest of many regions l
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Lesson Objectives: Demonstrate know
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INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY Nancy White - Touro Institute

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