INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY Nancy White - Touro Institute

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eproductions of famous stone monuments or pottery or other artifacts. Finally, you can see the use of ancient art styles and motifs as part of everyday life in many commercial and public areas, demonstrating the pride in the people’s own heritage. Compare this with our public art and architecture, which usually has absolutely no connection with the cultural past of our own land. South American Prehistory
Lesson Objectives: Trace the development of several cultures on the continent; compare early civilizations here with others elsewhere on earth. What geographical and archaeological biases appear in the discussion of native civilizations in South America? As discussed in the book (p. 365), the focus is always on the Andes highlands and the dry desert western coast. Why is the jungle ignored in so many treatments of South American archaeology? Because, well, it is a jungle out there, which presents two problems: preservation of remains is not good, and it is very difficult to do archaeology. This situation often resulted in the view that everything important happened in the west of the continent and bits of things diffused eastward. Lately the work of Anna Roosevelt and others has shown complex and early sociopolitical evolution in the lowlands of Venezuela and Brazil that developed indigenously, with little or no stimulus from the outside. But there is essentially no treatment of this vast area of the continent in the textbook. What are some general characteristics to note in South American civilizations? The culture history presents a picture of the rise of horizon styles, sometimes associated with empire, and then the shift to smaller regional states, and back again. We will again look at just a few major sites, monumental centers. Preservation of organic remains is often excellent on the desert coast, where cultures are named after the valleys of the short rivers running to the sea on which they are located. Fascinating political systems based on community organization and state control and ownership seem to have evolved early. Centralized rulership and ancestor worship meant that the living maintained the monuments and compounds of dead rulers, and new leaders had to establish their own centers. Domestic animals are more important than in North America, especially the llama, for fur, eating, and carrying, and the guinea pig, for food. Massive stone construction took place. The archaeological record also shows how earthquakes and other continual tectonic movement, expectable in the relatively young mountain chain of the Andes, affected various cultural developments, as well as how the El Niño weather pattern affected people making a living on the Pacific Coast. South American civilizations are the only ones which developed no writing systems, though they recorded bureaucratic details in other ways.
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In Conjunction with the INTRODUCTIO
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USF's public archaeology program. T
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Same as Midterm, above, but coverin
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Students seem to like all the exerc
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Student Exercise 10: ETHNOGRAPHER A
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traditionally studying non-Western
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consideration landowners, descendan
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historic archaeology because we can
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11. It tries to see both synchronic
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ooks and drawings of monuments; and
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meaningful to the prehistoric peopl
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acquisition of the material (from t
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sample. What is the sampling univer
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landowners or other residents, to f
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What other technological devices mu
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Page 33 and 34: planet Muni Mula, which we know was
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Page 37 and 38: Why does iron metallurgy develop la
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Page 41 and 42: What is the difference between dire
Page 43 and 44: What is AMS radiocarbon dating? The
Page 45 and 46: much about material culture, which
Page 47 and 48: can see what artifact manufacturing
Page 49 and 50: How is diffusion investigated? The
Page 51 and 52: An example I can recount from my ex
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Page 57 and 58: much as 2.5 million years ago. The
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Page 61 and 62: Where are some important Lower Pale
Page 63 and 64: hominids all over the Old World. Re
Page 65 and 66: What is the meaning of Upper Paleol
Page 67 and 68: plant remains that suggest year-rou
Page 69 and 70: The population pressure hypothesis,
Page 71 and 72: What fascinating evidence of Neolit
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Page 85 and 86: What were the earliest regional sta
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Page 89 and 90: dynasty, conquest of many regions l
Page 91 and 92: Lesson Objectives: Demonstrate know
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INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY Nancy White - Touro Institute

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