INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY Nancy White - Touro Institute

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as pyramids or big stone statues. Other kinds of archaeology we will explore include orientations toward cultural resources management, world heritage conservation, and historic preservation fields; specific analyses such as ethnobotany and zooarchaeology; restoration of monuments and conservation of artifacts; and other such specializations. It should be noted that in the Americas, archaeology is usually a part of anthropology and included in anthropology departments of universities and museums, while in Europe, Canada, and other locations it is a separate division. One reason for this is historic: in America, archaeologists were studying the remains of the cultures whose last living peoples were being studied by ethnographers and other anthropologists, so there was natural interaction. In Europe, naturalists and antiquarians who collected artifacts and tried to explain them usually interacted more with the earth scientists, while social anthropology was more allied with the social sciences. Lately there has been some division of archaeology into more scientific vs. more humanistic; these two are sometimes labeled processual vs. postprocessual archaeology. We will explore these philosophies and realize how one must do both to do good work. What are the several goals of archaeology? 1. Description of the record of the past and sequences of culture history—finding out what happened. 2. Determining how, even why things happened; function and cultural processes of change or lack of change and past human systems. 3. Trying to achieve the view of the past people as to why and how they did things, what was significant to them—an emic or postprocessual archaeology. 4. Reconstructing and interpreting the past, especially in terms of practical applications. 5. Preservation of the evidence of the past for the benefit of all. Scientific archaeology is done by testing hypotheses, looking at form and function, proceeding in a selfcorrecting fashion, as explained in your book on page
11. It tries to see both synchronic and diachronic views, or at one point in time and through time. What jobs can you have if you are an archaeologist? The professionalization of archaeology has included expansion into several areas of the workplace. Besides the traditional academic and museum curatorial or research positions, there are jobs in federal, state, and local agencies as cultural resources managers, private archaeology companies who do research and compliance work in advance of proposed construction, and educators, interpreters, and others who bring archaeology to the public more intensively. It is not very possible any more to be a lone, isolated researcher in the lab or field with no connection to the wider goals of public archaeology; modern professional ethics require a knowledge of how the research relates to the wider society. There are many professional associations: one important one is the Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA, formerly the Society of Professional Archaeologists or SOPA), which sets standards and ethics. Two other major national groups are the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) and the Archaeological <strong>Institute</strong> of America (AIA). State, local, and regional societies abound. Most have open membership to anyone who abides by the ethical principles and goals, and most have websites describing how to join. Modern professional archaeological concerns are well stated in our Seven Principles that are being emphasized in this class. These include the obligation to publish, not only for the scientific audience but for the public; the obligation to work with the people whose ancestors one is researching; the need to understand the many stakeholders in reconstructions and interpretations of the human past; and the view that archaeology must be socially relevant and produce information that can be useful in addressing real-world human problems. History of Archaeology
Page 1 and 2: In Conjunction with the INTRODUCTIO
Page 3 and 4: USF's public archaeology program. T
Page 5 and 6: Same as Midterm, above, but coverin
Page 7 and 8: Students seem to like all the exerc
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Page 11 and 12: traditionally studying non-Western
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Page 25 and 26: sample. What is the sampling univer
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Page 29 and 30: What other technological devices mu
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Page 33 and 34: planet Muni Mula, which we know was
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Page 37 and 38: Why does iron metallurgy develop la
Page 39 and 40: Two deer leg bones, if they are rig
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Page 43 and 44: What is AMS radiocarbon dating? The
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Page 49 and 50: How is diffusion investigated? The
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Page 57 and 58: much as 2.5 million years ago. The
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Page 63 and 64: hominids all over the Old World. Re
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plant remains that suggest year-rou
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The population pressure hypothesis,
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What fascinating evidence of Neolit
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them the site to get professional a
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lately indicating more corn or othe
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maize-beans-squash complex was the
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ecoming easier to interpret archaeo
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where Mexico City is located today
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Lesson Objectives: Trace the develo
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What were the earliest regional sta
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is some beautiful decoration for yo
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dynasty, conquest of many regions l
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Lesson Objectives: Demonstrate know
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INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY Nancy White - Touro Institute

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