2012. Review of Significant Trade - Cites

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Tridacna spp. Province, densities of 0-17 individuals per ha were recorded by Ramohia et al. (2005a). Ramohia (2004) reported a mean density of less than one individual per hectare in transect surveys conducted in 2004 in the Marapa and Simeruka MPAs in Marau Sound, Central Province. Threats: Subsistence harvesting was considered to be the main threat to the species (IUCN, 2006b, Teitelbaum and Friedman, 2008b); it was also reported to be marketed in aquarium trade (Mingoa-Licuanan and Gomez, 2002) and have a high demand in the adductor muscle market (Shang et al., 1991). Tridacna spp. were reported to be frequently used for subsistence purposes in the Solomon Islands (Horokou et al., 2010), although Hviding (1993) noted that it was the species of Tridacna of least importance in subsistence harvesting. Trade: As the Solomon Islands has not yet submitted a CITES annual report, trade figures are based on data submitted by importers. According to data in the CITES Trade Database, direct trade in T. derasa from the Solomon Islands reported by importers in the period 2000- 2010 principally comprised live specimens (Table 2). In total, 35 693 live specimens and 181 kg of live specimens were imported, of which the majority were wild-sourced (68 per cent of live individuals and 100 per cent of live recorded by weight). The remaining live specimens were captive-bred (24 per cent) and to a lesser extent captive-born (7 per cent). Over the same period, 4920 shells were imported, of which 89 per cent were captive-born, 6 per cent were wild-sourced and 4 per cent were captive-bred. The United States reported the majority of imports of live specimens (30 574 animals), including 24 147 wild-sourced specimens. Live, wild-sourced T. derasa imports decreased between 2000 and 2006, but subsequently increased to a peak of 7187 individuals in 2009. Similarly, captive-born and captive-bred live imports decreased in the first half of the period, but subsequently increased to a total of 1320 individuals in 2009. Trade in shells was generally low with the exception of 2006, when the import of 4400 shells was reported by Australia. Table 2. Direct trade in Tridacna derasa from the Solomon Islands, 2000-2010 (all trade reported by importers). Term Source 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total live W 5543 1815 45 205 30 38 3983 5501 7187 24528 C 4638 1542 1322 5 125 100 997 8729 F 700 100 1 375 817 323 100 2416 I 201 201 live (kg) W 181 181 shells W 100 48 169 317 C 200 3 203 F 4400 4400 meat (kg) F 100 100 Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK Re-exports of T. derasa originating in the Solomon Islands over the period 2000 to 2010 comprised 1064 live specimens and 1700 shells as reported by importers and 519 live specimens and 3400 shells as reported by re-exporters. Live specimens were principally wild-sourced (52 per cent according to importers; 80 per cent according to re-exporters) and captive-bred (47 per cent according to importers; 19 per cent according to re-exporters), and shells were all recorded as captive-born. The majority of trade (including all wild-sourced trade) was re-exported by the United States. 173
Tridacna spp. Management: The export and trade of wild-sourced specimens was reported to be banned in the Solomon Islands (Solomon Islands Consolidated Legislation, 1996), however the trade and export of farmed specimens was allowed (Solomon Islands, 2009). The lack of regulations on subsistence harvesting was considered to be a particular threat to T. derasa (Green et al., 2006). Traditional local management practices were reported to be in place in some areas (Kinch et al., 2006). Further details are provided in the genus overview. The Solomon Islands Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources (2009) reported that Tridacnidae farming in the country focuses on T. derasa, due to its fast growth and durability. T. derasa was considered to be well suited for meat production due to its good survival and high meat gain (SPC Aquaculture Portal, 2009). Hean and Cacho (2003) considered it to be the species of Tridacnidae with the best potential for mariculture production as seafood. The species was also considered to show good potential for the production of aquarium specimens, and possibly adductor muscle, on village farms (Hart et al., 1998). In large-scale grow-out trials conducted in 11 village farms in the Solomon Islands, T. derasa was found to attain a mean shell length of 15 cm (±1.98 s.d.) in a grow-out of 24 months, with a 92.2 per cent (±9.1 s.d.) survival rate (Hart et al., 1998). The results indicated that grow-out time needed to produce individuals of optimum size for the aquarium market was only 7 months (Hart et al., 1998). Since the establishment of small-scale farming programmes for rural communities by the WorldFish Center during the 1990s, hatchery-reared juvenile T. derasa was reported to continue to be supplied to farmers in the Western Province who then tended the clams during the grow-out stage (Horokou et al., 2010). After grow-out in the villages, these specimens were sold to the company Aquarium Arts, which exported specimens for the global marine aquarium trade (Horokou et al., 2010). In 2007, Solomon Islands was reported to have produced 4300 individuals of cultured T. derasa for the aquarium trade, with an estimated national export potential of 15 000 cultured individuals (Kinch and Teitelbaum, 2010). T. derasa was previously selected for the Review of Significant Trade at the 20 th meeting of the Animals Committee in 2004 (AC20 Summary Record), and although Solomon Islands was not one of the countries selected for review, it was noted that the significant trade from Solomon Islands “continues to be of concern”, and that as the trade of wild-sourced specimens had been reported by importers, the nature of all specimens in trade should be verified (IUCN, 2006b). Tridacna gigas (Linnaeus, 1758): Solomon Islands. Biology: The largest Tridacnidae species Tridacna gigas commonly grows up to 80 cm in length (Kinch and Teitelbaum, 2010) although it can grow to a maximum shell length of 137 cm (Kinch, 2002) and weight of 260 kg (Oliver, 1975). The species was reported to reach sexual maturity as a male at about 37 cm shell length, and as a hermaphrodite at the age of 9-10 years (Raymakers et al., 2003). Munro (1993) reported that an individual of 70-80 cm shell length was capable of producing up to 240 million eggs. T. gigas was reported to be the fastest growing Tridacnidae species (Pernetta, 1987), with mean growth rates of 4.1 mm per month measured in wire mesh cages in shallow, subtidal coral reefs in the Solomon Islands (Bell et al., 1997). Munro (1983) reported that it may reach 50 cm length and 6 kg flesh weight in 5-7.5 years. Preferred habitats were reported to include sandy bottoms or coral rubble on shallow lagoons and coral reef flats (Tervo and Csomos, 2001). Distribution in range State: T. gigas was reported to be widespread, occurring from the 174
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AC26 Doc. 12.2 Annex Review of Sign
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Contents Introduction .............
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Tursiops aduncus Tursiops aduncus E
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Tursiops aduncus In an interim repo
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Tursiops aduncus Islands. According
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Tursiops aduncus SPREP (South Pacif
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Tursiops aduncus Solomon Islands Mi
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Balearica pavonina Range State Erit
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Balearica pavonina were considered
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Balearica pavonina Williams et al.
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Balearica pavonina Population trend
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Balearica pavonina population trend
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Balearica pavonina Importers report
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Balearica pavonina revealed that fe
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Balearica pavonina of the species r
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Balearica pavonina Table 2. Estimat
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Balearica pavonina 2011) reported t
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Balearica pavonina Eljack, A. O. 19
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Balearica pavonina Williams, E., Be
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Balearica regulorum Range State Uga
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Balearica regulorum flooded grassla
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Balearica regulorum In both 1985 an
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Balearica regulorum Management: The
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Balearica regulorum and trading pro
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Balearica regulorum Management: The
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Balearica regulorum Beilfuss, R. D.
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Balearica regulorum Morrison, K. 20
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Mantella aurantiaca Mantella aurant
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Mantella aurantiaca Figure 1. Histo
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Mantella aurantiaca According to da
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Mantella aurantiaca to be any mis-i
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Mantella aurantiaca Jenkins, M. D.
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Huso huso Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758
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Huso huso Range State Russian Feder
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Huso huso the Secretariat; therefor
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Huso huso specimen was found. Due t
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Huso huso Table 6. CITES export quo
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Huso huso for Fisheries and Aquacul
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Huso huso Management: A total ban o
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Huso huso THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF I
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Huso huso Table 14. Direct trade in
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Huso huso Management: The managemen
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Huso huso permit date available). I
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Huso huso Table 23. CITES export qu
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Huso huso Table 26. Direct trade in
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Huso huso Management: Commercial ha
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Huso huso delta. Environmental Biol
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Huso huso Khodorevskaya, R. P., Kra
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Huso huso Mediterranean.Rome[STUD.R
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Hippocampus kelloggi Range State Th
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Hippocampus kelloggi Hippocampus sp
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Hippocampus kelloggi Coromandel Coa
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Hippocampus kelloggi 2003). Threats
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Hippocampus kelloggi UNITED REPUBLI
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Hippocampus kelloggi (Giles et al.,
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Hippocampus kelloggi Motomura, H.,
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Hippocampus kuda Hippocampus kuda B
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Hippocampus kuda Range State Provis
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Hippocampus kuda A clear understand
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Hippocampus kuda domestic use (CITE
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Hippocampus kuda WCMC, 2011). Manag
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Hippocampus kuda Management: Syngna
Page 125 and 126: Hippocampus kuda Germany in 2004 fo
Page 127 and 128: Hippocampus kuda Management Act 199
Page 129 and 130: Hippocampus kuda considered to be n
Page 131 and 132: Hippocampus kuda (1999a; 2004), how
Page 133 and 134: Hippocampus kuda Source: T. M. Vuon
Page 135 and 136: Hippocampus kuda Ganiga, G. 2006. A
Page 137 and 138: Hippocampus kuda Nijman, V. 2010. A
Page 139 and 140: Hippocampus spinosissimus Hippocamp
Page 141 and 142: Hippocampus spinosissimus considere
Page 143 and 144: Hippocampus spinosissimus (Project
Page 145 and 146: Hippocampus spinosissimus Trade: Ac
Page 147 and 148: Hippocampus spinosissimus permits a
Page 149 and 150: Hippocampus spinosissimus (T. M. Vu
Page 151 and 152: Hippocampus spinosissimus Lourie, S
Page 153 and 154: Pandinus imperator Pandinus imperat
Page 155 and 156: Pandinus imperator Polis (1990) not
Page 157 and 158: Pandinus imperator in outdoor enclo
Page 159 and 160: Pandinus imperator Threats: No info
Page 161 and 162: Pandinus imperator GUINEA Distribut
Page 163 and 164: Pandinus imperator Table 4. Direct
Page 165 and 166: Pandinus imperator E. References Br
Page 167 and 168: Tridacna spp. Tridacna spp.: Solomo
Page 169 and 170: Tridacna spp. Furthermore, some aut
Page 171 and 172: Tridacna spp. species Hippopus hipp
Page 173 and 174: Tridacna spp. A number of actions w
Page 175: Tridacna spp. Islands have been rep
Page 179 and 180: Tridacna spp. imported between 2007
Page 181 and 182: Tridacna spp. Wabnitz et al., 2003;
Page 183 and 184: Tridacna spp. Table 5. Direct trade
Page 185 and 186: Tridacna spp. Clams (Tridacnidae) a
Page 187 and 188: Tridacna spp. SPC Aquaculture Porta
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2012. Review of Significant Trade - Cites

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