Sustainable Transport and the Environment Guide - Unite the Union

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Carbon dioxide emissions from ships do not come under the Kyoto agreement or any proposed European legislation and few studies have been made of them, even though they are set to increase. Aviation carbon dioxide emissions, estimated to be about 2 per cent of the global total, have been at the forefront of the climate change debate because of the sharp increase in cheap flights, whereas shipping emissions have risen nearly as fast in the past 20 years but have been largely ignored by governments and environmental groups. In 2007 Donald Gregory, director of environment at BP Marine, said that BP estimates that the global fleet of 70,000 ships uses approximately 200m tonnes of fuel a year and this is expected to grow to 350m tonnes a year by 2020. "We estimate carbon dioxide emissions from shipping to be 4% of the global total. Ships are getting bigger and every shipyard in the world has a full order book. There are about 20,000 new ships on order" he said 54 . The estimate supports other academic studies which, until now, have been dismissed as "extreme", because the industry fears that emissions regulations will be forced on it if it is not seen to be addressing the issue. Dr Veronika Eyring, a researcher at the Institute of Physics and Atmosphere, calculates that the global fleet used 280m tonnes of fuel in 2001 and that could reach 400m tonnes by 2020. Government actions – by encouraging modal shift has the avowed aim of increasing the volume of goods carried by sea, especially short-sea-shipping (based on a recognition that the industry is the best alternative in terms of CO 2 output), which will inevitably increase total carbon emissions from ships; similarly, delays in port development approvals (perhaps on other environmental grounds) can increase CO 2 emissions as ships waste fuel while waiting for berths. It also has to be remembered that shipping is one of the most regulated industries, particularly in the area of environmental protection. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships was first introduced over 30 years ago and its provisions are regularly updated. The industry has done much to improve its environmental performance – and of course producing less CO 2 means burning less fuel so there is also a major financial incentive for the shippers to reduce their outputs of CO 2 ! To summaries the situation in the long-term shipping will have a warming impact on the climate due to CO 2 emissions. But there is a short-term cooling effect from SO 2 emissions, but this will diminish as the sulphur content of fuel is reduced. Tank and bulk vessels the largest fuel consumer at roughly 135Mt in 2007, and containers consumed around 80Mt. According to the Committee on Climate Change if global shipping is left unconstrained it could grow from roughly 3.5 per cent of total 54 The Guardian Saturday March 3 2007 63
CO 2 emissions in 2007 to 15 per cent – 30 per cent of all CO 2 emissions permitted in 2050. Unless there is a reduction in greenhouse gases even with high carbon prices, €200 a tonne, global shipping emissions would still be 2GtCO 2 in 2050 – this would be double today’s levels. 4.8 What can shipping lines do? Emissions Trading Scheme Current Industry Position: International Shipping and World Trade Commitment to reducing the impact off shipping Shipping - the irreplaceable engine off world trade Shipping - the greenest transport mode Strive to improve fuel efficiency Due to the complexities of the shipping industry, this sector is one where a global sector deal on emissions is a priority, but in the absence of a global deal EU action is still a 2nd best solution. The focus on international shipping should be towards getting a global agreement to reduce emissions from this sector. However, shipping should be in EU ETS by 2012 if IMO fails to act Even the sensible allocations at the UK level produce a fairly wide range for UK shipping emissions e.g. in 2000 (Source: Entec) Ships’ Power How Can we Reduce or Offset Pollution? o Legislation-Driven: Low-sulphur fuels: IMO North Sea SECA and EU Directives: >1.0% sulphur now and >0.1% sulphur by 1st January 2010; o Economically-Driven: Lower-speed running – but “shipping lines” may require additional tonnage to maintain delivery rates; o Vessel Speed Reduction (VSR) Voluntary program in which ships slow to 12 knots within 20 nautical miles of the port High success rate in San Pedro Bay since 2001 VSR boundary may be extended to 40 nm Effective regional strategy, but may actually increase global emissions Design-Driven: Reducing CO 2 production: Match low sulphur MGO harbour generator capacity to harbour load: B Better matching and advances in engine technology is bringing lower PM10s, HCs and NOx But there is room for improvement and innovation in design: In the past smokestacks billowing soot was acceptable but not today. Exhaust scrubber technologies – trialled but not yet widely commercially available maybe a future technology to deal with this problem. What are the basics for a sea water scrubber? Function - Exhaust contains pollutants of NOx, SOx, Particulates. Scrubbing systems remove Sox and Particulates. 64
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SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT AND THE ENVIR
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Table of Contents Page Acknowledgem
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emissions of CO2 from UK aviation..
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might bring about economic efficien
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There are some sustainable transpor
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contribution from Unite is hopefull
Page 13 and 14: taking action, would, he said, lead
Page 15 and 16: 2003 30,000 older people across Eur
Page 17 and 18: Greater fuel economy that reduces C
Page 19 and 20: 2.6 Sustainability and economic imp
Page 21 and 22: as electric and hybrid electric veh
Page 23 and 24: Air to rail Six out of ten flights
Page 25 and 26: Technological solutions: Technology
Page 27 and 28: contributing to rainforest destruct
Page 29 and 30: Currently all corporations are lega
Page 31 and 32: projected by the DfT’s 2003 white
Page 33 and 34: Between 1987 and 2007 the UK market
Page 35 and 36: Dependant on the message you wish t
Page 37 and 38: The move reflects a decision by the
Page 39 and 40: are concerns that biofuels actually
Page 41 and 42: Unite is currently campaigning to r
Page 43 and 44: overall effects of contrails and th
Page 45 and 46: turboprop will burn 35% less fuel t
Page 47 and 48: The CAT National Committee calls on
Page 49 and 50: unaccustomed portion of the famousl
Page 51 and 52: lorries but do not operated in the
Page 53 and 54: aspect is crucial for ports, which,
Page 55 and 56: Look to new technology to provide l
Page 57 and 58: From Table we can although waterbor
Page 59 and 60: 4.7: Shipping The problem shipping
Page 61 and 62: oil contains high concentrations of
Page 63: The majority of container shipping
Page 67 and 68: 5 Passenger Services Trade Group: T
Page 69 and 70: has an important part to play in en
Page 71 and 72: Total Greenhouse Gases by Buses & C
Page 73 and 74: enormously punitive but that would
Page 75 and 76: Percentage of the Total Greenhouse
Page 77 and 78: More than two thirds of journeys ma
Page 79 and 80: 6 Road Transport Commercial 6.1 Int
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Page 83 and 84: During the 1990s, there was a signi
Page 85 and 86: Light Duty Vehicles Carbon Dioxide
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Page 91 and 92: the European Court of Justice - the
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Page 95 and 96: Appendices Appendix 1 Input-based m
Page 97 and 98: Appendix 3 GREENING YOUR WORKPLACE
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Sustainable Transport and the Environment Guide - Unite the Union

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