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Women: International When women drive horse carts, it is no longer sensational news. In the past, women usually did not drive carts. Today, men and women are equal. Anything men can do, women can do, too. Photo by Zhao Ju Xian, age 34. In Yi nationality mountain villages, rural women are known for their diligence and capability. They take up the farm work and production, do housework, raise the children, provide care for the old people, and at the same time raise livestock and poultry to subsidize the family expenses. Photo by Li Pu Zhao, age 49. 96 <strong>Nieman</strong> Reports / Winter 2001
Women: International The Varied Pace of Women’s Progress Surveys by the International Federation of Journalists find similar challenges but contrasting results for women in different countries. By Bettina Peters “Women journalists are cracking the glass ceiling, but we must remember that when you break glass you may get scratches from the splinters. Women must be ready to take power in the newsroom; don’t wait for the men to give it to you.” Dupe Ayayi-Gbadebo, editor in chief and managing director of Sketch Newspapers in Ibadan, Nigeria earned loud and prolonged applause for those comments at a women journalists’ workshop in Lagos at the beginning of November. Dupe Gbadebo knows what she is talking about. At 45 years of age, she is one of three female editors in chief in Nigerian media (none at a major daily newspaper). It took her 20 years to get to the top, and she lost many female colleagues along the way who left journalism for advertising or public relations because they felt they’d never make it beyond sub-editor. Women leaving journalism is not only a problem in Nigeria. Female reporters from countries as different as Brazil and Belarus report that lack of career perspectives, long hours, and bad pay have driven them to look for work outside journalism. In 1996 a study by the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance in Australia found that 23 percent of women journalists had left their jobs because of promotional discrimination. Women in top media positions remain a rare breed even though the number of women in journalism has been growing steadily. In 1991, a study by the International Federation of Journalists [IFJ] found that 27 percent of journalists were women; today they represent 38 percent of the profession, but there are large discrepancies among various countries. For example, the percentage of women journalists in countries such as Finland and Thai- land is close to 50 percent, but in Sri Lanka and Togo, it is six percent. A study published this year by the IFJ found that even though more than a third of today’s journalists are women, overall they comprise less than three percent of media decision-makers. Their percentage is higher in North America and Latin America. In Mexico, for instance, 19 percent of media owners or editors are women. In Asia, the percentage of female media executives is the lowest and barely perceptible. Female journalists still have to overcome many barriers if they want to reach their full potential in the profession. The list of obstacles is long and it is the same whether drawn up by women journalists in Asia, the Pacific, Latin America, Africa or Europe: 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 12 0.1 Women in Journalism 40 3 • Stereotypes: cultural attitudes expecting women to be subordinate and subservient and negative attitudes towards women journalists; • Employment conditions: lack of equal pay, lack of access to further training, lack of fair promotion procedures, lack of access to decisionmaking positions, sexual harassment, age discrimination, and job segregation; • Social and personal obstacles: conflicting family and career demands, lack of support facilities, and lack of self-esteem. The stories of women journalists who make it to the top are often ones of personal struggle and sacrifice. But these pioneers do inspire younger Asia-Pacific Europe Americas Africa % of women journalists % of women journalists in decision-making positions A comparative graph of women’s roles in journalism. Chart by IFJ. 41 5 25 1.4 <strong>Nieman</strong> Reports / Winter 2001 97
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