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SUSREF 35 (57) Image 35. Facade integrated hot water pre-heating system with external collectors (IEA 2010) The collectors of this system can be installed relatively easy as an “add-on” to an existing structure. However, the connections to other building systems require detailed planning and simulations for optimal performance. 3.8.6.2 Pre-heating of hot water –façade integrated collector plates Facade integrated collector panels present a different approach in building retrofit design. Façade collectors slightly improve thermal protection of a building in winter, and do not raise indoor temperatures significantly in the summer. (Matuska and Borivoj 2006) Image 36. Collector panel integrated into the building envelope. (Matuska and Borivoj 2006)
SUSREF 36 (57) This system requires more detailed design of the façade, since its integrated into the wall structure itself. 3.8.6.3 Pre-heating of hot water –façade integrated collector system Image 37. Facade integrated hot water pre-heating system (IEA 1999) Image 37 presents a solar collector system, which is also designed as an integral part of the external wall. The plaster layer conducts the heat to piping, which carries the heated fluid to a heat exchanger. According to IEA (1999) this system is not as effective as flat plate collectors and has only 75 % of their efficiency. This kind of system might be used, if the solar collector system is not to be visible on the façade. The surface can be made to look like normal rendering, although the façade needs to have a dark color. 3.8.7 Transparent insulation (TI) materials Transparent insulation on external walls can use the incoming solar radiation better than conventional walls. They are suitable especially for renovating old buildings with massive, conducting walls. TI panes can be installed directly on the external wall, since TI can provide both thermal insulation and weather cover for the wall. (Eicker 2003) TI materials that are usually made of either polymethyl methacrylates (PMMA), polycarbonates (PC) or glass. The PMMA has high transmittance and UV stability, but due to its brittleness and poor fire-retardance (B3) it has to be bounded between glass elements. The cost of this system is 400-750 €/m2. (Eicker 2003) The structure of PMMA TI material is shown in Image 38 as “cast-glass elements”. Polycarbonates (PC) are mechanically more stable than PMMAs and they can be processed without glass covering. They have a better fire-retardance class (B1) but are not very UVresistant. The covering plaster is an acryl adhesive mixed with 2,5-3 mm diameter glass balls and it can contain additional UV-absorbers. The price for PC is significantly lower than that of PMMAs, with costs around 150 €/m2. (Eicker 2003) The structure of PC TI material is shown in Image 38 as “TI-compound system”. Glass capillary TI’s are more complicated to fabricate than those made of polymer. They offer more temperature and UV-resistance, but are not otherwise mechanically not very stable. (Eicker 2003) The structure of PMMA TI material is shown in Image 38 as “Sealed TI-glazing”.
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Image 36. Water leakage point in a
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1.4 Krakow Int.EPS 0.00% 147.16 3.8
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case with actual material propertie
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Table 10. Different refurbishment m
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- EPS or PUR foam on inner surface
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V cap is volume of all capillary po
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Mould growth Numerical simulation o
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uptake, the evaporation of water va
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1.1.4.6 Case study 1: Jyväskylä (
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The condition and the expected rema
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Image 46. Results for the PUR refur
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MW or PUR MW Image 48. Refurbished
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ESP Image 51. Original unrefurbishe
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Corrosion (relative to LS) 1,0 0,9
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The time of refurbishment is the ti
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The monitoring points of carbonatio
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Mould Growth Index 6 5 4 3 2 1 Orig
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1.1.4.13 Variables in the analyses
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after the risk period is a result o
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1.1.4.15 References Fagerlund, G. 1
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SUSREF 2 (11) temperature is actual
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SUSREF 4 (11) HDD A ( U ref U ren
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SUSREF 6 (11) Q H Q Q (3) losses
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SUSREF 8 (11) 2 Significant improve
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SUSREF 10 (11) Table 9. Effect of I
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SUSREF 1 (9) Deliverable: D4.2 - Ge
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SUSREF 3 (9) Paris Month CDD_4h CDD
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SUSREF 5 (9) The results show that,
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SUSREF 7 (9) 3 EPS 0.05 0.039 4 hol
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SUSREF 9 (9) 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.
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SUSREF 2(19) Arrays are most often
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SUSREF 4(19) Figure 2. Solar electr
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SUSREF 6(19) North facing Electrici
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SUSREF 8(19) London Electricity pro
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SUSREF 10(19) 1.4 Discussion For fi
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SUSREF 12(19) Figure 12. Solar ther
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SUSREF 14(19) Solar fraction of DHW
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SUSREF 16(19) Solar fraction of DHW
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SUSREF 18(19) 3 PVT Photovoltaic an
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SUSREF Sustainable Refurbishment of
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SUSREF 1 (13) Deliverable: D4.2 Tit
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SUSREF 3 (13) Extra Insulation mate
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SUSREF 5 (13) Life cycle costs - Ca
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SUSREF 7 (13) Sandwich E2-LCC (eur/
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SUSREF 9 (13) Solid concrete E1-LCC
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SUSREF 11 (13) Summary and conclusi
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SUSREF 13 (13) Künzel Helmut, Kün
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SUSREF 2 (10) Evaluation criteria:
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SUSREF 4 (10) W1_Solid wall; Brick,
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SUSREF 6 (10) W5_Insulated load bea
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SUSREF 8 (10) Thick noncombustible
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SUSREF 10 (10) Combustible -2
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2 (14) refurbishment on the individ
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4 (14) aggravation indoor air) incr
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6 (14) 1.2.2 Air quality Air qualit
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8 (14) Ventilation efficiency -2 th
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10 (14) If existing wall has infect
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12 (14) 1.5.3 Acoustics The effect
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14 (14) 1.6.3 Acoustics The replace
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Mardjalevic & Rogers, 2006) 2 . In
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Figure 3: Example room to be simula
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For Helsinki: Facade Orientation Ea
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For Bilbao: Facade Orientation East
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3 (18) be removal of cladding, impr
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5 (18) 2 Significant improvement or
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7 (18) 3. External insulation (E) 3
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9 (18) Dfb Dfc 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1
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11 (18) Cfb Cfbw Csa Dfb Dfc 2 2 2
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13 (18) Cfb - temperate withou
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15 (18) Dfb - cold, without dry s
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17 (18) Dfc - cold, without dry se
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3 (3) 5. Cavity insulation Cavity i
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2 (40) Easiness of maintenance (ex
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4 (40) Figure 2.1.1. Solid wall - d
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6 (40) 2.2 Sandwich elements made w
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8 (40) Table 2.2.2. Vulnerability t
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10 (40) Maintenance procedures and
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Figure 2.4.1. Left: Load bearing ca
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14 (40) Table 2.4.2. Vulnerability
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16 (40) Dirt and microbial growth.
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18 (40) Table 3.1.1.2. Vulnerabilit
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20 (40) Table 3.1.1.3 Continued. Th
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Figure 3.1.2.2. Retrofitting extern
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26 (40) Table 3.1.2.3 Continued. Th
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28 (40) Figure 3.1.3.1 Brick veneer
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32 (40) 3.2 Internal insulation On
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34 (40) Table 3.2.2. The effects on
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36 (40) Table 3.3.1. Vulnerability
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38 (40) 5. Bibliography Askeland A
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Zirkelbach D Influence ogf temperat
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Form. Strictly speaking, form deser
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The thermal environment also includ
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It is important to identify the cha
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4. References Heschong, L. (1980).
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