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ZONING AND URBAN PLANNING 59 mixed land use, however, the municipality was seeking to address both traffic issues, by reducing the need for long commutes, and security concerns, by ensuring that all neighborhoods would have activity throughout the day. CONCLUSION Without properly implemented zoning systems, urban planning becomes difficult, as does ensuring the proper uses of land and mitigating environmental concerns. Recognizing the importance of zoning and urban planning, many economies have adopted zoning systems to varying extents. These economies require builders to obtain some form of zoning or urban planning approval before building or even before obtaining a construction permit. These requirements can lead to more efficient and less costly construction permitting systems. NOTES This case study was written by Marie Lily Delion, Anushavan Hambardzumyan, Joyce Ibrahim, Ana Maria Santillana Farakos and Melissa Scanlan. 1. World Bank Group, Investment Climate Department 2013. 2. Moullier 2009. 3. De Soto 2000. 4. KPMG 2009. 5. Grannis 2011; Neumann 2014. 6. Grannis 2011. 7. Schaffner and Waxman 2009. 8. Crone 1982; Karkkainen 1994. 9. In-depth interview with an expert in the Stockholm Planning Department conducted by the Doing Business team on December 5, 2013; Hüfner and Lundsgaard 2007. 10. “Planprocessen,” City of Stockholm, http:// www.stockholm.se/TrafikStadsplanering /Stadsutveckling/Stadsplanering /Planprocessen/. 11. Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning 2013. 12. For more information on New Zealand’s zoning system, see the chapter on urban planning and construction permitting in World Bank (2014b). 13. Zoning maps are available on the website of the Municipality of Guatemala City at http://vu.muniguate.com /index.php?id=14&opc=10. 14. Statistics provided by the Municipality of Guatemala City.
Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Registering property Measuring the quality of land administration systems • This year Doing Business has collected new data in 170 economies on the overall quality of land administration systems through a set of indicators on reliability, transparency, coverage and dispute resolution. • Half of economies around the world use an electronic database for checking for charges on property (encumbrances)—and half have a geographic information system for recording maps. • In 72% of economies the land registry makes fee schedules publicly available, either online or on public display boards. • Only 56 economies make statistics about transactions at the land registry publicly available, and only 63 provide specific means for filing an official complaint about land services. • Around the world, 27% of economies have a registry with full coverage of private land, and 34% a mapping system with complete coverage. • A reliable, transparent, complete and secure land registration system is associated with greater access to credit, lower income inequality and a lower incidence of bribery at the land registry. Insecure title to land prevents people from taking full advantage of the productive uses of the land. 1 Where people have proper title to their land, however, they can use the property as collateral for a loan or transfer land parcels in which they have invested. 2 And titles can serve as a valuable insurance and savings tool for families, providing protection during difficult times and in retirement. Indeed, with the protection of secure title guaranteed by a reliable land registration system, land can be used to create wealth for the broader benefit of society and contribute to the eradication of poverty. Because land and buildings account for between half and three-quarters of the wealth in most economies, having a reliable system for registering and transferring property titles matters. 3 FIGURE 7.1 Reliability Transparency Coverage Doing Business, through its registering property indicators, measures the efficiency of property registration systems through the time, cost and number of procedures required to transfer a commercial property. These indicators do not provide information on the overall quality of land administration systems. This year, for the first time, Doing Business has collected preliminary data in 170 economies on the reliability, transparency and coverage of land registration systems and on land dispute resolution (figure 7.1). Next year Doing Business will refine the newly collected data and intends to add a new indicator on the quality of land administration to its current set of registering property indicators. What do the data on the quality of land administration systems cover? Data on reliability assess whether the land registry and mapping system (cadastre) have adequate infrastructure to guarantee high standards and reduce the risk of errors. Reliable land administration systems can provide up-to-date information that is sufficient to make meaningful inferences on ownership. Data on transparency record whether the land administration system makes land-related information publicly available. This can inform the public about transaction possibilities and foster the development of a unified and more efficient land market. Data on coverage assess the extent to which the land registry and mapping system (cadastre) provide complete geographic coverage of privately held land parcels. To be accessible to third parties, and thus enforceable to anyone, all transactions need to be publicly verified and authenticated at the registry. Dispute resolution Data on dispute resolution measure the accessibility of conflict resolution mechanisms and the extent of liability for entities or agents recording land transactions. Unclear responsibilities in land transactions lead to more land disputes, diverting land from productive uses. Clear responsibilities can help keep the number of unresolved disputes low.
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REFERENCES 111 Aggregate, and How t
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REFERENCES 113 Rathinam, Francis Xa
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DATA NOTES 115 METHODOLOGY The Doin
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 253 of Aart C. Kraa
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 255 ALGERIA DELOITT
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 257 Gerald Mittereg
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 259 Siarhei Khvasto
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 261 Muhidin Karši
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 263 Sydney Simonagg
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 265 Laurence Idelet
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 267 Aurora Barroso
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 269 Marius Doh CIE
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 271 Lars Lindencron
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 273 Astrud María M
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 275 Josette Cadie O
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 277 Ioannis Sarakin
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 291 Cheikh Sall ETU
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 295 Marcel Kettenis
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 297 Adeola Sunmola
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 299 Ernesto Velázq
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 315 Sreekumar Sivas
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 317 Bruno Paredes L
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Smarter Regulations for Small and M
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