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PART III — COUNTRY PROFILeS COLOMBIA Some 140 school teachers were murdered and more than 1,000 school teachers received death threats in 2009-2012, with threats increasing in 2013. Children were recruited from school by armed groups and there continued to be reports of public security forces using schools for military purposes, despite legal curbs. Context Violence and abuses associated with Colombia’s internal armed conflict, which has continued for nearly half a century, have displaced more than 5 million people. 527 Approximately 220,000 people have died, according to the government-created National Center for Historical Memory. 528 The main actors involved in the fighting have included government armed forces and the police; left-wing armed groups, notably the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN); and right-wing paramilitaries, especially the United Self-Defence Forces of Colombia (AUC), which underwent a deeply flawed official demobilization process during the administration of President Álvaro Uribe (2002-2010). New paramilitary successor groups, led largely by former paramilitaries, emerged after the demobilization process. 529 Juan Manuel Santos replaced Álvaro Uribe as president in 2010 and initiated peace talks with the FARC in November 2012. 530 Human rights defenders, community leaders, trade unionists, journalists, indigenous and Afro-Colombian leaders, and displaced persons’ leaders have all faced death threats and other abuses during the conflict. According to the teachers’ trade union the Colombian Federation of Educators (FECODE), 360 teachers were murdered and 342 threatened in the decade up to 2009. 531 The president of the National University of Colombia is reported to have stated that the university registered 312 reports of threats in 2007 and 2008. 532 At least twelve Colombian university students were killed between 2006 and 2008, most of whom were well-known student leaders, according to a report by the UK’s National Union of Students, University and College Union and UK-based NGO Justice for Colombia. 533 124
EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 Primary school students take shelter under their desks during a safety drill to prepare them in case they are caught in crossfire at a school in Toribio, Cauca department – an area of Colombia that armed groups have long fought to control, 25 July 2011. © 2011 LUIS ROBAYO/AFP/Getty Images 125
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eNDNOTeS 1 Malala Yousafzai with Ch
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eNDNOTeS where the government (unde
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eNDNOTeS 137 For a more in-depth di
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eNDNOTeS Cluster, October 2012), 4-
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eNDNOTeS 272 In September 1986, the
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eNDNOTeS 484 Ibid. 485 Ibid., 359-3
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eNDNOTeS spark Arab Spring-style pr
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eNDNOTeS Aslan Amani, “Turkey’s
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OTHeR GCPeA PUBLICATIONS All GCPEA
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