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PART I — GLOBAL OveRvIeW Children and schools are often the first to suffer the consequences of armed conflict. Mines and unexploded ordnance pose a continuing danger to children, including on their way to school. In Misrata, Libya, a girl walks to school surrounded by remnants of the fighting, December 2012. © 2012 Olivier Jobard/Sipa 48
EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 military, ethnic, political, religious or sectarian group; or in some cases by armed criminal groups. Attacks may also be carried out by violent mobs that are not organized as an armed group. In reviewing available evidence, it appears that certain types of attacks are more likely to be carried out by government or government-backed forces, 61 such as arrests, imprisonment, torture and attacks on higher education. These government-instigated attacks are typically linked to motives such as restricting trade union activity, quelling dissent and controlling information, or marginalizing a particular ethnic or political group. Other types of attack may sometimes be performed by government forces but are more likely to be carried out by armed groups including progovernment paramilitaries and militia or anti-government forces, such as abduction of students and teachers and attacks on government schools. They are often linked to motives that may include spreading fear among civilians. When perpetrated by anti-government groups the motives may include undermining government control over an area or community, preventing the education of certain groups such as girls, or reacting against perceived bias in curricula and teaching that may reflect wider social, religious or ethnic discrimination or conflict. In some cases, there is a blurring of the line between armed groups and armed criminal groups, and between military and criminal motives. In some countries, such as the Philippines, 62 armed groups have kidnapped teachers as a means to secure ransom money to fund their activities. In Mexico, killings, kidnappings and threats, particularly against teachers, have reportedly been carried out by armed criminal gangs. 63 In Colombia, criminal groups have attacked schools in similar ways to armed groups, seeking to control territory and using schools as recruitment grounds. In Medellín, for instance, criminal groups, linked to paramilitary successor groups, 64 have threatened or killed students en route to or from school. 65 The study has found a wide range of motives ascribed to the various attacks on education, but it is difficult to draw any firm conclusions because it is hard to find solid evidence for the motive behind many individual incidents. 49
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PART III — COUNTRY PROFILeS AFGHA
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PART III — COUNTRY PROFILeS LIBYA
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eNDNOTeS 1 Malala Yousafzai with Ch
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eNDNOTeS where the government (unde
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eNDNOTeS 137 For a more in-depth di
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eNDNOTeS Cluster, October 2012), 4-
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eNDNOTeS 272 In September 1986, the
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eNDNOTeS 329 For instance, the Scho
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eNDNOTeS 404 UNSC, Children and Arm
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eNDNOTeS 484 Ibid. 485 Ibid., 359-3
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eNDNOTeS 568 Defensoría Del Pueblo
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eNDNOTeS Conflict: Report of the Se
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eNDNOTeS 736 HRW, Sabotaged Schooli
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eNDNOTeS 809 Farnaz Fassihi, “Reg
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eNDNOTeS rate attacks in Iraq,” X
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eNDNOTeS 982 “Authority Orders Re
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eNDNOTeS suspected drug violence in
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eNDNOTeS attacks an Islamic Religio
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eNDNOTeS “Seven-year-old killed i
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eNDNOTeS 1294 Ibid. 1295 The World
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eNDNOTeS 1374 UNSC, Children and Ar
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eNDNOTeS pre-independence and South
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eNDNOTeS spark Arab Spring-style pr
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eNDNOTeS 1572 UNSC, Children and Ar
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eNDNOTeS Aslan Amani, “Turkey’s
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eNDNOTeS 1737 “Yemen: Rebel Occup
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OTHeR GCPeA PUBLICATIONS All GCPEA
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