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PART I — GLOBAL OveRvIeW Police officers stand guard after a mail bomb exploded at the Monterrey Institute of Technology campus on the outskirts of Mexico City, Mexico, 8 August 2011. © 2011 AP Photo/Arnulfo Franco 56
EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 330 in two raids on dormitories at Damascus and Aleppo universities in Syria in 2011 and 2012. 98 Cases of abduction and torture were also reported in some countries. In Sudan, a Darfuri student at the University of Khartoum’s Department of Education was reportedly seized by National Intelligence and Security Service agents in front of the university on 10 February 2010. His body was found the next day in a street in Khartoum and showed signs of torture. 99 Attacks on higher education facilities – damaging, destroying or threatening university buildings and campuses – occurred in 17 countries: Afghanistan, Côte d’Ivoire, DRC, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel/Palestine, Libya, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria and Yemen. In Nigeria, at least 15 universities were reported to have received an email message in September 2011, apparently from the violent Jihadist movement Boko Haram, warning them that their campuses were on a target list for bombings. 100 In Mexico, bombs were sent to six university campuses or research institutes, in some cases causing injury, and six more were listed as targets, reportedly by a group opposing nano - technology research. 101 Military use of higher education facilities Military use of higher education facilities appears to be less pervasive than military use of school facilities, but has been a problem in several countries, including Côte d’Ivoire, 102 Somalia 103 and Yemen; in the latter, the breakaway First Armoured Division forces occupied Sana’a University Old Campus in 2011, halting university life for 10 months. 104 In Somalia, university campuses were used by the armed group Al-Shabaab, as well as by African Union forces in the international peacekeeping force, AMISOM, and government troops, particularly during 2012 military campaigns that drove Al-Shabaab out of their strongholds. 105 Motives and targets The motives for attacks on higher education also varied from one context to another, but were often quite different from those for attacks on school-level education and bore a closer resemblance to those for attacks on teacher trade unionists. Many attacks on 57
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Global Coalition to Protect Educati
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eNDNOTeS 1 Malala Yousafzai with Ch
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eNDNOTeS where the government (unde
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eNDNOTeS 137 For a more in-depth di
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eNDNOTeS Cluster, October 2012), 4-
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eNDNOTeS 272 In September 1986, the
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eNDNOTeS 329 For instance, the Scho
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eNDNOTeS 404 UNSC, Children and Arm
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eNDNOTeS 484 Ibid. 485 Ibid., 359-3
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eNDNOTeS 568 Defensoría Del Pueblo
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eNDNOTeS Conflict: Report of the Se
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eNDNOTeS 736 HRW, Sabotaged Schooli
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eNDNOTeS 809 Farnaz Fassihi, “Reg
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eNDNOTeS rate attacks in Iraq,” X
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eNDNOTeS 1294 Ibid. 1295 The World
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eNDNOTeS pre-independence and South
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eNDNOTeS spark Arab Spring-style pr
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eNDNOTeS 1572 UNSC, Children and Ar
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eNDNOTeS Aslan Amani, “Turkey’s
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eNDNOTeS 1737 “Yemen: Rebel Occup
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