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EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014
Caucasian Knot, 1 June 2012; and Valery Dzutsev, “Dagestan Sees a Spike in
Violence as the Government Promises Political Reforms,” The Jamestown
Foundation, 4 June 2012..
1340 “Soldier Killed in Clash with Militants in South Russia,” RIA Novosti, 16 June
2009.
1341 “Russia says defuses car large car bomb in volatile south,” Reuters, 30
September 2010; “Tower blocks, school evacuated over south Russia car bomb,”
RIA Novosti, 30 September 2010; “Policeman killed, four wounded, suspected
militant detained in Russia’s Caucasus,” BBC Monitoring International Reports,
15 February 2010; “Police, Civilians Killed as Two Blasts Hit Town in South
Russia,” RT News, 31 March 2010; and “Rebels in Dagestan eliminated 4
invaders,”
16 August 2012.
1342 “Police, Civilians Killed as Two Blasts Hit Town in South Russia,” RT News, 31
March 2010.
1343 “Dagestan: Tsibari villagers demand to punish school arsonists and killers of
teacher,” Caucasian Knot, 4 June 2012; “Teacher killed, school burnt in
Dagestan,” Itar-tass, 1 June 2012; “Militants kill school teacher in Dagestan,” 1
June 2012; “Unidentified persons killed teacher and burned down school
building in Dagestani village,” Georgia Times, 1 June 2012; ICG, The North
Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (II), Islam, the Insurgency and Counter-
Insurgency - Europe Report N°221 (Brussels: ICG, 19 October 2012), 18;
“Shootings kill nine in Russia’s north Caucasus,” Reuters, 24 September 2010;
“Russian forces target militants in Dagestan,” Euronews, 25 September 2010;
“Anti-hijab Teacher Killed in Russia’s Muslim South,” Thomson Reuters, 11 July
2011; Lyudmila Alexandrova, “Teachers, Muslim Leaders Killed in Dagestan for
Sake of ‘Pure Islam’,” Itar-Tass News Agency, 12 July 2011; “Imam, Head Teacher
Killed in Russia’s Dagestan,” BBC Monitoring International Reports, 9 July 2011;
“Madrasah teacher shot dead in Dagestan,” Interfax, 10 March 2010;
“Unidentified teacher killed in Dagestan,” 26 July 2012; and “Madrasah teacher
killed in Dagestan,” Vestnik Kavkaza, 27 July 2012.
1344 “Dagestan: Tsibari Villagers Demand to Punish School Arsonists and Killers
of Teacher,” Caucasian Knot, 4 June 2012; “Teacher Killed, School Burnt in
Dagestan,” Itar-Tass News Agency, 1 June 2012; “Militants Kill School Teacher in
Dagestan,” The Voice of Russia Radio, 1 June 2012; and “Unidentified Persons
Killed Teacher and Burned Down School Building in Dagestani Village,” Georgia
Times, 1 June 2012.
1345 ICG, The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (II), Islam, the
Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency - Europe Report N°221 (Brussels: ICG, 19
October 2012), 17-18; and “Anti-hijab Teacher Killed in Russia’s Muslim South,”
Thomson Reuters, 11 July 2011.
1346 Lyudmila Alexandrova, “Teachers, Muslim Leaders Killed in Dagestan for
Sake of ‘Pure Islam’,” Itar-Tass News Agency, 12 July 2011; and “Imam, Head
Teacher Killed in Russia’s Dagestan,” BBC Monitoring International Reports, 9
July 2011.
1347 Vefader Melikov, “Gunmen Attack Two Schools in Tsuntinsky District of
Dagestan,” Riadagestan.com, 1 June 2012; “Two Schools Attacked in Dagestan,”
Caucasian Knot, 1 June 2012; and Valery Dzutsev, “Dagestan Sees a Spike in
Violence as The Government Promises Political Reforms,” The Jamestown
Foundation, 4 June 2012.
1348 ICG, The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (II), Islam, the
Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency - Europe Report N°221 (Brussels: ICG, 19
October 2012), 17-18; Lyudmila Alexandrova, “Teachers, Muslim Leaders Killed in
Dagestan for Sake of ‘Pure Islam’,” Itar-Tass News Agency, 12 July 2011; “Teacher
killed in Dagestan,” 25 September 2012; “US condemns suicide bomb that killed
7 in Dagestan,” RAPSI, 29 August 2012; and Sapa-AFP, “Female suicide bomber
kills six in Russia’s Dagestan,” The Times, 28 August 2012.
1349 ICG, The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (II), Islam, the
Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency - Europe Report N°221 (Brussels: ICG, 19
October 2012), 18.
1350 Ibid., 17.
1351 Ibid., 18; and Lyudmila Alexandrova, “Teachers, Muslim Leaders Killed in
Dagestan for Sake of ‘Pure Islam’,” Itar-Tass News Agency, 12 July 2011.
1352 “Muslim Scholar Killed in Dagestan,” On Islam, 5 August 2013.
1353 “Islamic school teacher killed in Dagestan,” Interfax, 4 March 2013.
1354 “In Dagestan, primary school teacher shot dead,” Causasian Knot, 16 July
2013; and “Murder of a teacher in Dagestan may involve militants,” Ria Novosti,
16 July 2013.
1355 This profile covers attacks on schools in 2009-2012, with an additional
section on 2013.
1356 Gonzalo Retamal and Mudiappasamy Devadoss, “Education in a Nation with
Chronic Crisis: The Case of Somalia,” in Gonzalo Retamal and Ruth Aedo-
Richmond (eds), Education as a Humanitarian Response (London: Cassell, 1998);
Peter Moyi, “School Enrollment and Attendance in Central South Somalia,” SAGE
Open.
1357 Since 1995, the rebuilding of education or the establishment of new schools
has been undertaken predominantly by NGOs and the private sector: see Lee
Cassanelli and Sheikh Abdikadir, “Somalia: Education in Transition,” 105-107.
1358 Somalia Education Cluster, “Education – Somalia,” United Nations Office for
the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) website, last accessed on 18
December 2013.
1359 As stated in the methodology section, the statistical information on enrolment
and literacy rates in profiled countries should be treated with caution,
especially in the case of those countries that have experienced considerable
disruption due to armed conflict, insecurity or instability. Though formally
correct, such statistical data may contain outdated information and may not
capture with full accuracy the actual educational situation of a country.
1360 “Statistics – Somalia,” UNICEF, accessed 20 February 2013.
1361 Somalia Education Cluster, “Education – Somalia,” OCHA website.
1362 “Analysis: Who Is Fighting Whom in Somalia?,” IRIN News, 2 September
2009.
1363 In late 2011, Kenya agreed to put its forces in Somalia under general AMISOM
command, as did Ethiopia in late 2013.
1364 Sudarsan Raghavan, “In Somalia’s war, a new challenger is pushing back
radical al-Shabab militia,” Washington Post, 27 May 2010.
1365 “Ras Kamboni Movement,” Mapping militant organizations website,
Standford University, accessed on 18 December 2013; and information provided
by Human Rights Watch on 31 October 2013.
1366 “Somalia Profile,” BBC News, 13 April 2013.
1367 Information provided by a UN respondent on 21 January 2013.
1368 Ibid.
1369 UNSC, Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in
Somalia, S/2010/577, 9 November 2010, para 47.
1370 UNSC, Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in
Somalia, S/2010/577, 9 November 2010, para 47.
1371 HRW, No Place for Children: Child Recruitment, Forced Marriage, and Attacks
on Schools in Somalia (New York: HRW, February 2012), 64-5.
1372 “The Somali Government Condemns the Recent Wave of Bombings against
People in Hospitals and Schools,” AMISOM Daily Media Monitoring, 30
November 2011; and Abdi Guld, “4 Somali Soldiers Killed in Suicide Bomb
Attack,” Seattle Times, 30 November 2011.
1373 “Somali Children Blown up in a School Playground,” BBC News, 27 August
2012.
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