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where the government (understood as including all state forces such as the military
and the police, not just the political authority) is the perpetrator and does
not hold itself to account through legal processes.
62 Information provided by a UN respondent, 23 January 2013; UNSC, Report of
the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in the Philippines,
S/2010/36, 21 January 2010; Simmons College, “Abu Sayyaf still holds
Philippines to ransom,” 29 April 2009.
63 For detailed examples and citations, please refer to the Mexico profile in Part
III of the present volume.
64 Paramilitary successor groups are groups that evolved from demobilized paramilitary
groups.
65 Personeria de Medellín, “Informe de la situación de los derechos humanos en
el primer semestre de 2010,” 8; Ivan Darío Ramírez Adarve, La Escuela en
Medellín, Un Territorio en Disputa (Bogotá: Coalición Contra La Vinculación de
Niños, Niñas y Jóvenes al Conflicto Armado en Colombia (COALICO), July 2012),
35; “Reclutamiento en Colegios está Produciendo Desplazamientos Masivos:
Acnur,” Vanguardia.com, 14 February 2012; “La guerra que desangró a
Medellín,” elcolombiano.com, 8 August 2012.
66 UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General,
A/65/820–S/2011/250, 23 April 2011, para 57.
67 This total is compiled from the information provided in the Country profiles
later in this study. See also: The Syrian Network for Human Rights, “A Report on
the Destruction of Schools and Its Consequences,” accessed 17 January 2013.
68 Information provided by a UN respondent on 1 February 2013.
69 Information provided by Human Rights Watch, 4 December 2012
70 Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (GCPEA), Lessons in War:
Military Use of Schools and Other Education Institutions during Conflict (New
York: GCPEA, 2012), 22, 30; J. Venkatesan, “Chhattisgarh Government Pulled Up
for Misleading Supreme Court,” The Hindu, 9 January 2011; “Schools Occupied
by Security Personnel in Manipur,” The Hindu, 22 April 2011; “SC asks
Jharkhand, Tripura to Free Schools from Security Forces,” Times of India, 7 March
2011.
71 HRW, Sabotaged Schooling: Naxalite Attacks and Police Occupation of Schools
in India’s Bihar and Jharkhand States (New York: HRW, 9 December 2009), 3-4.
72 Bede Sheppard and Kyle Knight, Disarming Schools: Strategies for Ending the
Military Use of Schools during Armed Conflict (United Nations Institute for
Disarmament Research, 31 October 2011).
73 HRW, World Report 2012: Thailand (New York: HRW, 2012).
74 General Commander of the Military Forces, order of July 6, 2010, official document
Number 2010124005981/CGFM-CGING-25.11[Colombia]; and Armed Forces
of the Philippines Letter Directive No. 34, GHQ AFP, November 24, 2009, para. 7.
75 RA No. 7610, An Act Providing for Stronger Deterrence and Special Protection
against Child Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination, Providing Penalties for its
Violation and Other Purposes, June 17, 1992, art. X(22)(e); House Bill 4480, An Act
Providing for the Special Protection of Children in Situations of Armed Conflict
and Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof, 15th Congress of the Philippines,
approved by House 23 May 2011.
76 Information provided by ICRC, April 2013.
77 Information provided by a UN respondent, 23 January 2013.
78 UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General,
A/65/820-S/2011/250, 23 April 2011, para. 179.
79 UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General,
A/66/782–S/2012/261, 26 April 2012, para 150.
80 HRW, No Place for Children: Child Recruitment, Forced Marriage, and Attacks
on Schools in Somalia (New York: HRW, February 2012), 68.
81 HRW, Sabotaged Schooling: Naxalite Attacks and Police Occupation of
Schools in India’s Bihar and Jharkhand States (New York: HRW, 9 December
2009), 43, 49-50.
82 Ibid., 4.
83 For detailed examples and citations, please refer to the Colombia profile in
Part III of the present volume.
84 Coalición contra la vinculación de niños, niñas y jóvenes al conflicto armado
en Colombia y Comision Colombiana de Juristas, Informe especializado
Antioquia, 2010, 32, 33; and Sistema de Alertas Tempranas – SAT, Defensoría
delegada para la prevención de riesgos de violaciones de derechos humanos y
DIH, Informe de Riesgo No 015-13, Fecha: 2 May 2013, 42.
85 Sajjid Tarakzai, “Teen says 400 Pakistan suicide bombers in training,” AFP, 8
April 2011; Zahid Hussain, “Teenage bombers are rescued from Taleban suicide
training camps,” The Nation, 27 July 2009; Owais Tohid, “Pakistani teen tells of
his recruitment, training as suicide bomber,” The Christian Science Monitor, 16
June 2011.
86 Coalición contra la vinculación de niños, niñas y jóvenes al conflicto armado
en Colombia y Comision Colombiana de Juristas, Informe alterno al informe del
Estado colombiano sobre el cumplimiento del Protocolo Facultativo Relativo a la
Participación de Niños en los Conflictos Armados, 2010, 50, 51.
87 Muhammad Ezan, Analyst. Interviewed by Fuad Rajeh on 6 March 2013.
88 HRW, “DR Congo: Bosco Ntaganda Recruits Children by Force,” 16 May 2012.
89 UNSC, Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in
Somalia, S/2010/577, 9 November 2010, paras 24 and 29; US Department of
State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 - Somalia (Washington, DC: Office to
Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, 2012); Amnesty International, In the
Line of Fire: Somalia’s Children under Attack (London: Amnesty International,
2011), 42; “SOMALIA: Recruitment of Child Soldiers on the Increase,” IRIN News,
21 March 2011; Mohamed Shiil, “Students Forced To Leave School To Fight Jihad,”
Somalia Report, 18 April 2011; Mohamed Shiil, “Insurgents Tell Koranic Schools
to Deliver Kids,” Somalia Report, 19 June 2011; “Al-Shabaab Recruits Students in
Kismayo,” Suna Times, 3 May 2012; and Mohamed Beerdhige, “Al-Shabaab
Forces Teachers To Join Fighting,” Somalia Report, 15 January 2012.
90 HRW, No Place for Children: Child Recruitment, Forced Marriage, and Attacks
on Schools in Somalia (New York: HRW, February 2012), 25, 63-64, 71.
91 Ibid., 56.
92 Ibid., 55-57; Alex Spillius, “Al-Shabaab militia abducting teenage girls to marry
fighters,” The Telegraph, 21 February 2012.
93 Wafa Organization for Martyrs’ Families and Wounded Care, officials interviewed
by Fuad Rajeh on 12 March 2013; updated information provided by WAFA,
December 2013. In collecting data, WAFA visited field hospitals registering details
of the wounded and conducted follow-up visits to the homes of all of the victims
to check on details.
94 For citations, see Sudan profile in Part III of this volume.
95 For detailed examples and citations, please refer to the Sudan profile in Part III
of this volume.
96 For details, see the relevant Country profiles in Part III of this study.
97 Isa Sanusi, “Nigerian students living in fear,” BBC News, 1 October 2013;
“Nigeria to boost school security after deadly attack,” BBC News, 30 September
2013.
98 Roula Hajjar and Borzou Daragahi, “Syrian Forces Raid Dorms; 3 Students
Killed,” Los Angeles Times, 22 June 2011; Wagdy Sawahel, “Aleppo Students
Killed, Injured in Campus Attacks,” University World News, 4 May 2012.
99 Amnesty International, Agents of Fear: The National Security Service in Sudan
(London: Amnesty International, 2010), 44; US Department of State, 2010
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Sudan (Bureau of Democracy,
210