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PART III — COUNTRY PROFILeS A boy walks in front of the damaged Lycee Al-Horreya School at Mohamed Mahmoud Street, where clashes between protesters and security forces took place the previous week, in downtown Cairo, egypt, 29 November 2012. © 2012 REUTERS/Amr Abdallah Dalsh. 134
EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 eGYPT Political and sectarian tensions led to sporadic attacks against schools, damage and looting of university buildings, and arbitrary arrest and injury of students on campus. 675 Context On 11 February 2011, President Hosni Mubarak was ousted following a popular uprising, and after oneand-a-half years of military rule, Mohamed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood was elected President. However, in July 2013, the military deposed him, leading to a violent crackdown on his supporters. Security forces killed more than 600 pro-Morsi protesters during the dispersal of two Cairo sit-ins on 14 August 2013. 676 Sharp divisions, especially between Islamists and secular groups, continued to result in violent confrontations. 677 Under Mubarak, there was a history of staff and students at universities being closely monitored by plainclothes state security on campus. 678 In October 2010, an administrative court ordered security forces off university campuses. 679 Egypt’s net primary enrolment was estimated at 96 per cent (2011), 680 gross secondary enrolment was 72 per cent (2010) 681 and gross tertiary enrolment was 29 per cent (2011). 682 The adult literacy rate was 72 per cent (2010). 683 Attacks on school students, teachers and education personnel In February 2012, a court in the southern city of Assiut sentenced Makarem Diab, a Christian school teacher, to six years in prison on charges of defaming Islam. 684 The case against Diab was brought by Islamist colleagues who accused him of mocking Islam’s prophet Mohammed. 685 In September 2012, Nevine Gad, a Christian social studies teacher at a preparatory school in Manfalout, Assiut province, was arrested and charged with blasphemy after a student complained about a lesson on Islamic history she had given, with a section on the life of Mohammed. 686 Military use of schools In November 2012, the Lycee Al-Horreya ‘Bab El Louk’ sustained heavy damage when Central Security Forces, Egypt’s riot police, used the school to launch attacks on protesters in Cairo over four consecutive days. Molotov cocktails left parts of the school in flames and soldiers threw school furniture at protesters. 687 Attacks on higher education Attacks on higher education facilities On 6 February 2011, in an attempt to quell protests, the Egyptian authorities closed all universities. The American University was damaged during protests in November 2011. 688 During December 2011 clashes, in which the military opened fire and protesters threw Molotov cocktails, the Egyptian Institute, a research institution, was destroyed by fire and its invaluable collection of books and journals largely destroyed. 689 The government accused protesters of throwing petrol bombs at the building. 690 Attacks on higher education students, academics and personnel Protests, clashes and arrests related to the wider political unrest frequently took place on university campuses. On 6 April 2009, eight people were injured and 15 were arrested in clashes between opposition and pro-government students during a protest in Ain Shams University in Cairo. 691 In early September 2012, hundreds of Egyptians protested in Alexandria over the alleged torture by police of a student who was arrested while participating in a demonstration at Alexandria University. 692 Attacks on education in 2013 Schools and universities were affected by the many political protests that turned violent in 2013. Pro- and anti-Morsi demonstrators clashed around Cairo University on 2 July. 693 Witnesses reported gunmen shooting from the top of the Literature Faculty and other university roofs. 694 Protests just outside the university campus were ongoing for two months, before being violently dispersed by security forces on 14 August. 695 In September and October protests took 135
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eNDNOTeS 1 Malala Yousafzai with Ch
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eNDNOTeS where the government (unde
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eNDNOTeS 137 For a more in-depth di
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eNDNOTeS Cluster, October 2012), 4-
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eNDNOTeS 272 In September 1986, the
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eNDNOTeS 484 Ibid. 485 Ibid., 359-3
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eNDNOTeS 568 Defensoría Del Pueblo
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eNDNOTeS rate attacks in Iraq,” X
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eNDNOTeS 1294 Ibid. 1295 The World
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eNDNOTeS pre-independence and South
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eNDNOTeS spark Arab Spring-style pr
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eNDNOTeS Aslan Amani, “Turkey’s
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