Type E Botulism in Michigan - Michigan Sea Grant

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Consumption of the Bacteria • Type E botulism affects primarily inhabitants of the open lake and bare beaches, namely gulls, loons, grebes, and mergansers. All of which are fish eaters. • Fish remains have consistently been found in dead birds (80-100% of the affected birds examined).
Gulls • The gulls that died during the 1963 through 1966 die-offs likely were infected by consuming dead fish, particularly alewives, which accumulated in considerable quantities in the water and on the beach. • The alewife had become the predominant fish in Lake Michigan. The alewife, an invader from the Atlantic Ocean was estimated to constitute 95%, by weight, of the fish in Lake Michigan.
Page 1 and 2: Type E Botulism in Michigan: A Hist
Page 3 and 4: In the Beginning (cont.) • Scatte
Page 5 and 6: 1963 (cont.) • The die-off occurr
Page 7 and 8: 1964 • The 1964 die-off occurred
Page 9 and 10: 1964 (cont.) • Mortality was the
Page 11 and 12: 1965 • No estimates were determin
Page 13 and 14: Type E Botulism in Michigan, 1965
Page 17 and 18: 1976 (cont.) • Between October 26
Page 25: Source of the Clostridium botulinum
Page 29 and 30: Loons, Grebes, and Mergansers • T
Page 31 and 32: Clinical Signs of Type E Botulism
Page 33 and 34: Pathology • No lesions observed e
Page 35 and 36: Seasonality/Carcass-Maggot Cycle (c
Page 37 and 38: Significant Findings from the Dieof
Page 39: Questions?

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