Type E Botulism in Michigan - Michigan Sea Grant

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Gulls (cont.) • The first record of alewives in Lake Michigan was in 1949 and they were considered rare until the mid 1950’s. • The unusual characteristic of this fish species was they died en mass annually.
Loons, Grebes, and Mergansers • The means by which they ingest the bacteria and toxin was in question since they do not eat dead fish. They may mistake fish carcasses in the water for live fish or fish eaten by the species may have become moribund from the botulism toxin. Wills
Page 1 and 2: Type E Botulism in Michigan: A Hist
Page 3 and 4: In the Beginning (cont.) • Scatte
Page 5 and 6: 1963 (cont.) • The die-off occurr
Page 7 and 8: 1964 • The 1964 die-off occurred
Page 9 and 10: 1964 (cont.) • Mortality was the
Page 11 and 12: 1965 • No estimates were determin
Page 13 and 14: Type E Botulism in Michigan, 1965
Page 17 and 18: 1976 (cont.) • Between October 26
Page 25 and 26: Source of the Clostridium botulinum
Page 27: Gulls • The gulls that died durin
Page 31 and 32: Clinical Signs of Type E Botulism
Page 33 and 34: Pathology • No lesions observed e
Page 35 and 36: Seasonality/Carcass-Maggot Cycle (c
Page 37 and 38: Significant Findings from the Dieof
Page 39: Questions?

Type E Botulism in Michigan - Michigan Sea Grant

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