Type E Botulism in Michigan - Michigan Sea Grant

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In the Beginning • The first waterfowl dieoff attributed to botulism in Michigan occurred in 1941, being diagnosed in wild ducks in the Lake Erie marshes near Monroe. The toxin was identified as Type C. • Approximately 1000 ducks and shorebirds died.
In the Beginning (cont.) • Scattered reports of dead gulls and 1 loon occurred in counties on Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior between 1959 and 1962. • No birds were examined, so no cause of death was determined.
Page 1: Type E Botulism in Michigan: A Hist
Page 5 and 6: 1963 (cont.) • The die-off occurr
Page 7 and 8: 1964 • The 1964 die-off occurred
Page 9 and 10: 1964 (cont.) • Mortality was the
Page 11 and 12: 1965 • No estimates were determin
Page 13 and 14: Type E Botulism in Michigan, 1965
Page 17 and 18: 1976 (cont.) • Between October 26
Page 25 and 26: Source of the Clostridium botulinum
Page 27 and 28: Gulls • The gulls that died durin
Page 29 and 30: Loons, Grebes, and Mergansers • T
Page 31 and 32: Clinical Signs of Type E Botulism
Page 33 and 34: Pathology • No lesions observed e
Page 35 and 36: Seasonality/Carcass-Maggot Cycle (c
Page 37 and 38: Significant Findings from the Dieof
Page 39: Questions?

Type E Botulism in Michigan - Michigan Sea Grant

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