Type E Botulism in Michigan - Michigan Sea Grant

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Significant Findings from the Dieoffs • “The most significant finding to date is the presence of the toxin of Type E Clostridium botulinum, causative agent of botulism, in the blood of dead loons and gulls.” • “A most significant finding was the occurrence of toxin of C. botulinum type E in the tissues of a majority of the birds.”
Significant Findings from the Dieoffs (cont.) • “I wonder if there is a significance in the fact or only coincidental, that the problem of Type E botulism in the region has become apparent only since the advent of high populations of alewife in the upper Great Lakes.” • “While the vulnerability of gulls, loons, and other water birds to the toxin has not yet been fully demonstrated, we believe that accumulated evidence points strongly to botulism caused by the toxin of C. botulinum type E as the cause for recent Lake Michigan bird mortalities.”
Page 1 and 2: Type E Botulism in Michigan: A Hist
Page 3 and 4: In the Beginning (cont.) • Scatte
Page 5 and 6: 1963 (cont.) • The die-off occurr
Page 7 and 8: 1964 • The 1964 die-off occurred
Page 9 and 10: 1964 (cont.) • Mortality was the
Page 11 and 12: 1965 • No estimates were determin
Page 13 and 14: Type E Botulism in Michigan, 1965
Page 17 and 18: 1976 (cont.) • Between October 26
Page 25 and 26: Source of the Clostridium botulinum
Page 27 and 28: Gulls • The gulls that died durin
Page 29 and 30: Loons, Grebes, and Mergansers • T
Page 31 and 32: Clinical Signs of Type E Botulism
Page 33 and 34: Pathology • No lesions observed e
Page 35: Seasonality/Carcass-Maggot Cycle (c
Page 39: Questions?

Type E Botulism in Michigan - Michigan Sea Grant

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