Type E Botulism in Michigan - Michigan Sea Grant

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Food Habit Studies for the 1963 • In Gulls: and 1964 Die-offs – 28 birds studied – Alewives and yellow perch composed 82% of the food items present. • In Loons: – 149 birds studied – Alewives and smelt composed 85% of the food items present. Record-Eagle
Clinical Signs of Type E Botulism • Botulism toxins exert their primary action on nerve endings and prevent the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles (flaccid paralysis). • Loss of muscle (motor) control of the wings, legs, neck, and then the remainder of the body. • Wings hanging at their sides. • Head erect in some birds, others are too weak to hold head erect.
Page 1 and 2: Type E Botulism in Michigan: A Hist
Page 3 and 4: In the Beginning (cont.) • Scatte
Page 5 and 6: 1963 (cont.) • The die-off occurr
Page 7 and 8: 1964 • The 1964 die-off occurred
Page 9 and 10: 1964 (cont.) • Mortality was the
Page 11 and 12: 1965 • No estimates were determin
Page 13 and 14: Type E Botulism in Michigan, 1965
Page 17 and 18: 1976 (cont.) • Between October 26
Page 25 and 26: Source of the Clostridium botulinum
Page 27 and 28: Gulls • The gulls that died durin
Page 29: Loons, Grebes, and Mergansers • T
Page 33 and 34: Pathology • No lesions observed e
Page 35 and 36: Seasonality/Carcass-Maggot Cycle (c
Page 37 and 38: Significant Findings from the Dieof
Page 39: Questions?

Type E Botulism in Michigan - Michigan Sea Grant

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