Type E Botulism in Michigan - Michigan Sea Grant

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1963 • The first waterfowl die-off attributed to Type E botulism toxin occurred in 1963. • Prior to this die-off Type E botulism was not known to exist in wild birds in North America. • The 1963 die-off extended from the Indiana border to Leelanau County, nearly the entire Lake Michigan shoreline of the Lower Peninsula. • The estimated mortality was 7720 birds (3300 loons, 4290 gulls, and 130 miscellaneous birds).
1963 (cont.) • The die-off occurred between August and December. – Gulls in early August in Van Buren County. – Loons in mid-November in Berrien County. – Loons and Gulls in early December in Van Buren County. • The greatest mortality occurred in late November/early December.
Page 1 and 2: Type E Botulism in Michigan: A Hist
Page 3: In the Beginning (cont.) • Scatte
Page 7 and 8: 1964 • The 1964 die-off occurred
Page 9 and 10: 1964 (cont.) • Mortality was the
Page 11 and 12: 1965 • No estimates were determin
Page 13 and 14: Type E Botulism in Michigan, 1965
Page 17 and 18: 1976 (cont.) • Between October 26
Page 25 and 26: Source of the Clostridium botulinum
Page 27 and 28: Gulls • The gulls that died durin
Page 29 and 30: Loons, Grebes, and Mergansers • T
Page 31 and 32: Clinical Signs of Type E Botulism
Page 33 and 34: Pathology • No lesions observed e
Page 35 and 36: Seasonality/Carcass-Maggot Cycle (c
Page 37 and 38: Significant Findings from the Dieof
Page 39: Questions?

Type E Botulism in Michigan - Michigan Sea Grant

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