SWEDISH WASTE MANAGEMENT |2010 - Avfall Sverige
SWEDISH WASTE MANAGEMENT |2010 - Avfall Sverige
SWEDISH WASTE MANAGEMENT |2010 - Avfall Sverige
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<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> | 2010
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
CONTENTS<br />
PREFACE 3<br />
HOW <strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> WORKS 4<br />
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT 6<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong> QUANTITIES 2009 8<br />
HAZARDOUS <strong>WASTE</strong> 10<br />
BATTERIES 12<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong> FROM ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT (WEEE) 13<br />
MATERIAL RECYCLING 14<br />
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT 16<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong>-TO-ENERGY 20<br />
LANDFILLING 24<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong> ECONOMICS 26<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong> OTHER THAN HOUSEHOLD <strong>WASTE</strong> 28<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong> AGENDA 29<br />
GLOSSARY 32<br />
ABOUT AVFALL SVERIGE – <strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 35<br />
STAFF 35<br />
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<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
PREFACE<br />
Waste management is an important part of<br />
the infrastructure of the society and of the<br />
society’s use of raw material, nutritional substances<br />
and energy. Through the right waste<br />
treatment, we can contribute to preventing<br />
climate changes and use waste as a resource.<br />
Here are some examples:<br />
• Energy recycling through incineration –<br />
Waste-to-Energy – gives heating and electricity,<br />
and waste will thus replace fossil<br />
fuels.<br />
• Separated food waste that goes to digestion<br />
gives both biogas, which can be used for<br />
vehicle fuel, and digestate, which is an<br />
excellent nutritional substance.<br />
• Recycled material saves energy and replaces<br />
virgin raw materials.<br />
In 2009, household waste volumes<br />
decreased by close to 5 percent compared to<br />
the year before. 98.6 percent of the household<br />
waste is recycled, only 1.4 percent goes to<br />
landfills. The waste quantity that goes to landfill<br />
has decreased by 50 percent compared to<br />
2008.<br />
The quantity of treated household waste<br />
amounted to 4,485,600 tons. Divided over<br />
the population, each Swedish resident produces<br />
480.2 kg of waste per year. In 2008,<br />
the quantity of treated household waste<br />
amounted to 4,731,660 tons, or 511.2 kg per<br />
person.<br />
Reduced waste volumes is something that<br />
Sweden, and all of Europe needs to strive for<br />
also in the long term. Through the Framework<br />
Directive for waste, the EU requires the member<br />
states to take measures to prevent the<br />
production of waste. The member states shall<br />
bring forward waste reduction plans which aim<br />
at reducing the waste volumes by 2020. At the<br />
national level, <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> – Swedish Waste<br />
Management is one of the actors in this process.<br />
Together with the Swedish Environmental<br />
Protection Agency, we run a three-year project<br />
called ”European Week for Waste Reduction”<br />
which aims at raising awareness of the waste<br />
policy within the EU and the member states,<br />
and show the direct effect that consumption<br />
has on the environment and on the greenhouse<br />
effect. It is also essential to emphasize<br />
the correlation between waste minimization<br />
and sustainable development.<br />
The annual report ”Swedish Waste<br />
Management”, is published by <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong><br />
for the 12 th year in a row. It briefly describes<br />
how household waste management works in<br />
Sweden. Factual information that has been<br />
updated based on the latest available statistics,<br />
is presented in text, figures and tables.<br />
The statistics given in ”Swedish Waste<br />
Management 2010” is collected from the webbased<br />
statistics system, <strong>Avfall</strong> Web, and from<br />
the producers’ organizations.<br />
<strong>Avfall</strong> Web was launched by <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong><br />
– Swedish Waste Management in the spring of<br />
2008, due to local authorities’ request of a<br />
system which enabled comparisons, follow-up<br />
and statistics intended for waste planning.<br />
<strong>Avfall</strong> Web also gives access to basic data for<br />
complete national waste statistics.<br />
The report “Swedish Waste Management” is<br />
intended for those active in the waste industry,<br />
decision-makers, authorities, educational<br />
institutions, media, and other interested parties.<br />
Malmö, June 2010<br />
Weine Wiqvist,<br />
Managing Director <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong><br />
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<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
HOW <strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> WORKS<br />
Waste shall be treated in such a way that the<br />
maximal environmental and social benefits<br />
are achieved. All parties participate in this<br />
work – from producers to households.<br />
The local authorities are responsible for the<br />
household waste, the producers are responsible<br />
for their various product groups, and the<br />
operators in the sector are responsible for taking<br />
care of all waste which is not household<br />
waste.<br />
The households have the responsibility to<br />
separate and deposit waste at the different<br />
collection points available. The households<br />
also have the responsibility to follow the regulations<br />
for waste management within their<br />
municipality.<br />
Waste management is prioritized according<br />
to a five step waste hierarchy:<br />
• waste prevention<br />
• reuse<br />
• material recycling<br />
• recovery – such as energy recovery<br />
• disposal<br />
Exceptions from the hierarchy may be necessary<br />
for technical, economical or environmental<br />
reasons.<br />
EU decisions set the frameworks for the<br />
Swedish waste management. The environmental<br />
objectives of the Swedish Parliament govern<br />
the waste management and its environmental<br />
aspects. These are the environmental<br />
objectives for the waste sector:<br />
• A 50 percent reduction of waste going to<br />
landfills, excluding mining waste, by the<br />
year 2005 compared to levels in 1994.<br />
• By 2010, at the latest, a minimum of 50<br />
percent of household waste shall be recovered<br />
through material recycling, including<br />
biological treatment.<br />
• By 2010 at least 35 per cent of food waste<br />
from households, restaurants, institutional<br />
catering and shops is to be recycled by biological<br />
treatment. The objective refers to<br />
source-separated food waste intended for<br />
both home composting and central heating.<br />
• By 2010, at the latest, food waste and consequently<br />
all equivalent waste from food<br />
industries etc., shall be recycled through<br />
biological treatment. The objective refers to<br />
waste that has not been mixed with other<br />
types of waste, and which subsequent to<br />
treatment is of adequate quality for use in<br />
crop production.<br />
• By 2015, at the latest, at least 60 percent<br />
of phosphorus pollution in effluent shall be<br />
treated and used on productive lands, of<br />
which at least half should be used on arable<br />
land.<br />
Several of these environmental objectives<br />
have been fully or almost fully achieved.<br />
The most important treatment methods for<br />
waste are:<br />
• material recycling<br />
• biological treatment<br />
• Waste-to-Energy<br />
• landfill<br />
Hazardous waste can be treated with one or<br />
several of these methods, depending on the<br />
character of the waste.<br />
Recycling of packaging, paper, scrap, electric<br />
waste, and batteries reduce the environmental<br />
impact and save energy and resources.<br />
Biological treatment is implemented<br />
through anaerobic digestion or composting.<br />
Anaerobic digestion produces biogas which<br />
can be used as vehicle fuel. The biogas produced<br />
from waste is equivalent to millions of<br />
liters of petrol. Anaerobic digestion also produces<br />
digestate which is an excellent nutrient.<br />
Composting produces long-lasting fertilizer<br />
used as soil improver in gardens, parks and for<br />
ground installations.<br />
Waste-to-Energy is an effective and environmentally<br />
safe method for producing energy<br />
from waste. Every year, it produces heating<br />
which corresponds to the need of 820,000<br />
average households, approximately 25 percent<br />
of all the district heating produced. It also<br />
produced electricity which corresponds to the<br />
need of more than 275,000 houses.<br />
Landfilling is a treatment method for waste<br />
which cannot or should not be treated in any<br />
other way. Landfilling means that waste is kept<br />
in a long-term safe way, and this treatment<br />
method is controlled by a strict regulatory<br />
framework.<br />
The local authorities can choose how to<br />
organize the waste management. This possibility<br />
of municipal self-government is laid down<br />
in the constitutional law.<br />
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<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
The local authorities are free to choose<br />
management mode and municipal undertakings,<br />
separate or joint with other municipalities.<br />
Cooperation is also possible in a joint<br />
committee or a local government federation.<br />
There are also local authorities who cooperate<br />
on specific matters, such as joint procurements.<br />
To many local authorities collaboration<br />
is a natural solution to attain the best possible<br />
environmental and social benefits, to achieve<br />
cost-efficient treatment and to guarantee the<br />
competence required.<br />
In 73 percent of the Swedish municipalities,<br />
the collection of household waste is managed<br />
by external actors, private companies,<br />
while in the rest, it is managed by the municipalities<br />
themselves. In the same way, waste<br />
treatment is effected either by the municipalities<br />
themselves or by an external actor, often<br />
a municipal enterprise or sometimes a private<br />
company.<br />
5
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
MATERIAL RECYCLING COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT<br />
There are various systems for collection and<br />
transport of household waste. At the municipalities’<br />
manned recycling centers, the households<br />
themselves drop off bulky waste, electronic<br />
waste and hazardous waste. Bulky<br />
waste is household waste which is too heavy,<br />
too bulky or for other reasons inappropriate for<br />
collection in bags or bins. It may be for example<br />
broken furniture, toys, bicycles, or perambulators,<br />
but can also include garden waste or<br />
certain demolition waste.<br />
In 2009, the households dropped off 1.5<br />
million tons of bulky waste, most of which was<br />
handed to the manned municipal recycling<br />
centers. A smaller part was collected through<br />
curbside collection. The bulky waste volumes<br />
correspond to 160 kg per person. There are<br />
about 600 recycling centers throughout the<br />
country, and in total they receive about 20 million<br />
visits annually.<br />
The volumes of bulky waste and hazardous<br />
waste that are handed to the recycling centers<br />
have increased significantly in recent years. In<br />
several municipalities the recycling centers<br />
have, as a result, undergone adaptations and<br />
modernizations. Several small-sized recycling<br />
centers have closed down when the munici-<br />
palities build new and bigger centers that are<br />
better suited to the waste quantities and<br />
number of visitors.<br />
Several of the recycling centers in the country<br />
have had problems with burglaries and<br />
thefts in recent years. There have also been<br />
incidents when staff has been threatened.<br />
Due to this, most of the bigger and recently<br />
built recycling centers have installed electric<br />
fences, which have reduced the number of<br />
burglaries considerably.<br />
In order to improve the safety, and for the<br />
sake of a functional system for access control<br />
that would enable more accurate visiting statistics,<br />
several of the municipalities have also<br />
introduced a barrier gate system at the recycling<br />
centers. This system is often combined<br />
with an entry card which gives households the<br />
right to a certain number of free visits. For a<br />
small fee, smaller entrepreneurs may also use<br />
the services offered at the recycling centers in<br />
several of the municipalities.<br />
The producers’ system includes approximately<br />
5,800 unmanned recycling stations for<br />
packaging and paper that are located around<br />
the country. The collection systems should be<br />
formed in consultation with both producers<br />
and local authorities. The recycling stations<br />
have separate bins for newspaper and various<br />
packaging material. Several municipalities<br />
have implemented curbside collection of<br />
material from apartment blocks and detached<br />
house properties that fall under producer’s<br />
responsibility, a collection system which is on<br />
the increase.<br />
The household waste in bins and bags may<br />
be collected either as a mixed fraction intended<br />
for Waste-to-Energy or in separate fractions<br />
– one for food waste and one for combustible<br />
waste.<br />
The most common systems for collection of<br />
source-separated food waste is by separate<br />
bins – one for bio-waste and one for combustible<br />
waste – by multi-compartment bin, or by<br />
optical sorting. Optical sorting requires the<br />
households to separate their waste into different<br />
colored<br />
bags that are placed into the same container.<br />
The bags are then taken by the waste<br />
collection vehicle to an optical sorting facility<br />
where the bags are separated automatically<br />
for the right treatment.<br />
Collection in bags constitutes a working<br />
environment risk and has as a result become<br />
6
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
considerably less common. Mixed combustible<br />
waste from single-family houses is in most<br />
cases collected in 190 liter wheelie bins and<br />
emptied every other week. Other than this,<br />
there are a number of different bag and bin<br />
sizes which are collected and emptied in various<br />
intervals. Waste from apartment blocks<br />
are normally collected weekly.<br />
Traditional back-loading vehicles are still<br />
the most common when it comes to waste collection,<br />
but the technology for multi-compartmented<br />
vehicles is developing and becoming<br />
more and more popular, while side-loading<br />
vehicles account for a more constant share of<br />
the operators’ vehicle fleet. An increasing<br />
number of vehicles use biogas as fuel, which<br />
the local authorities may control through purchasing<br />
requirements.<br />
Waste collection previously led to many<br />
work-related injuries. Daily heavy lifting was<br />
part of the job in the past, and waste collection<br />
required workers to be in good physical<br />
condition. Only a few waste collectors were<br />
able to work until the average retirement age.<br />
Today the situation is different. Bags have<br />
been replaced with bins or other types of containers.<br />
Manual handling of waste is being<br />
replaced with new technology and automated<br />
systems, such as refuse vacuum pipes and<br />
underground container systems. Both of these<br />
systems are on the increase, particularly in<br />
bigger cities. One of several advantages is that<br />
they do not require heavy manual handling.<br />
From the point of view of health and safety at<br />
work, vacuum collection systems are good<br />
since they are sealed and completely automated.<br />
This type of collection system reduces<br />
the need for waste transportation, especially<br />
in residential areas.<br />
There are two kinds of vacuum collection<br />
systems, a stationary system and a mobile<br />
system. With the stationary system the waste<br />
is collected using air in an automated vacuum<br />
system. It is thereafter transported through<br />
underground tubes, which connect the inlets<br />
with big containers placed in a terminal. With<br />
this technique the waste can be transported<br />
up to a distance of two kilometres from the<br />
inlets. The number of containers varies and<br />
depends on the one hand upon the number of<br />
collected fractions, and on the other hand on<br />
the waste volumes. The containers are collected<br />
by hook-lift vehicles.<br />
The mobile vacuum collection system also<br />
uses air to collect the waste. However, here<br />
the vacuum technique originates from the<br />
vehicle. Positioned under each input is a storage<br />
tank. The tanks are connected, via an<br />
underground pipe system, to a so called docking<br />
point which can be placed at a maximum<br />
distance of 300 meters from the tanks. The<br />
vehicle connects to the docking point for emptying,<br />
the vacuum system is turned on and air<br />
transports the waste from the different storage<br />
tanks to the docking point and onto the<br />
vehicle. Mobile vacuum collection systems<br />
require specialized vehicles.<br />
Another collection system that is on the rise<br />
is the underground container system. By placing<br />
containers underground, the need for<br />
space on the street level is reduced. The temperature<br />
below the street level, where the<br />
waste is contained, is relatively low, which<br />
prevents odor, and the containers are easily<br />
emptied with a crane truck. There are also<br />
underground containers that are emptied with<br />
front-loading vehicles. Since the underground<br />
containers can hold bigger volumes, the level<br />
of transports is reduced.<br />
7
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong> QUANTITIES 2009<br />
In 2009, the quantities of household waste<br />
were reduced for the first time since the<br />
1990s. The household waste volumes<br />
decreased by close to 5 percent compared to<br />
the year before. The decrease is very likely a<br />
result of the recession. There is a close connection<br />
between economic situation and consumption,<br />
and between consumption and<br />
waste quantities - lower consumption leads to<br />
reduced waste quantities.<br />
In 2009, the quantity of treated household<br />
waste amounted to 4,485,660 tons. Divided<br />
over the population, each Swedish resident<br />
produces 480.2 kg of waste per year. 98.6<br />
percent of the household waste is recycled,<br />
only 1.4 percent goes to landfills. That is a 50<br />
percent reduction of landfill compared to<br />
2008.<br />
1,586,600 tons of packaging, paper, waste<br />
from Electric and Electronic Equipment<br />
(WEEE), and metal from the municipal recycling<br />
centers was treated through material<br />
recycling. This is a decrease by 71,200 tons,<br />
or 4.3 percent, compared to 2008. 35.4 percent<br />
of the household waste is recycled.<br />
Biological treatment – anaerobic digestion<br />
and composting – increased in 2009. 617,680<br />
tons of household waste was treated biologically<br />
in 2009. That is an increase of more than<br />
20,000 tons, 3.4 percent, compared to the<br />
year before. Today, 13.8 percent of all household<br />
waste goes to biological treatment.<br />
This means that 49.2 percent of household<br />
waste is recovered either by material recycling<br />
or by biological treatment. The Parliament’s<br />
environmental objective at 50 percent is thus<br />
not far from being achieved.<br />
2,173,000 tons of household waste went to<br />
Waste-to-Energy, a decrease of 5.2 percent or<br />
close to 120,000 tons. 48.4 percent of the<br />
household waste is treated through incineration<br />
with energy recovery.<br />
Landfill disposal continues to decrease.<br />
63,000 tons of household waste went to landfills<br />
in 2009. This is a decrease of close to<br />
77,000 tons, or 55 percent, compared to the<br />
year before.<br />
Hazardous waste represents 1 percent of<br />
the treated household waste. 45,380 tons<br />
was collected in 2009. An increase by little<br />
over 2,000 tons, or 4.8 percent, compared to<br />
2008.<br />
8
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
QUANTITY OF TREATED HOUSEHOLD <strong>WASTE</strong> 2005–2009 (TONS)<br />
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009<br />
Hazardous waste 26,400 38,960 40,880 43,320 45,380<br />
Material recycling 1,474,280 1,657,520 1,737,720 1,657,840 1,586,600<br />
Biological treatment 454,450 469,880 561,300 597,280 617,680<br />
Waste-to-Energy 2,181,890 2,107,860 2,190,980 2,292,970 2,173,000<br />
Landfill 210,110 226,000 186,490 140,250 63,000<br />
Total 4,347,130 4,500,220 4,717,370 4,731,660 4,485,660<br />
QUANTITY OF TREATED HOUSEHOLD <strong>WASTE</strong> 2005–2009 (KG/PERSON)<br />
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009<br />
Hazardous waste 2.9 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.9<br />
Material recycling 162.9 181.9 189.2 179.1 169.9<br />
Biological treatment 50.2 51.6 61.1 64.5 66.1<br />
Waste-to-Energy 241.2 231.3 238.6 247.7 232.6<br />
Landfill 23.2 24.8 20.3 15.2 6.7<br />
Total 480.5 493.8 513.7 511.2 480.2<br />
QUANTITY OF TREATED HOUSEHOLD <strong>WASTE</strong> 2005–2009 (%)<br />
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009<br />
Hazardous waste 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 1, 0<br />
Material recycling 33.9 36.8 36.8 35.0 35.4<br />
Biological treatment 10.5 10.4 11.9 12.6 13.8<br />
Waste-to-Energy 50.2 46.8 46.4 48.5 48.4<br />
Landfill 4.8 5.0 4.0 3.0 1.4<br />
Total 100 100 100 100 100<br />
Källa: <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong><br />
Summary 1999-2009<br />
tons<br />
2,500,000<br />
5<br />
4<br />
milj. ton<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong> STATISTICS 2010<br />
2,000,000<br />
3<br />
1,500,000<br />
1,000,000<br />
500,000<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009<br />
0<br />
-99 -00 -01 -02 -03<br />
-04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09<br />
Hazardous waste<br />
Landfilling<br />
Biological treatment<br />
Material recovery<br />
Incineration with energy recovery<br />
Total quantity of treated household waste Tons %<br />
Hazardous waste 45,380 1.0<br />
Material recovery 1,586,600 35.4<br />
Biological treatment 617,680 13.8<br />
Incineration with energy recovery 2,173,000 48.4<br />
Landfilling 63,000 1.4<br />
Total 4,485,660 100<br />
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<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
HAZARDOUS <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
In 2009, 45,380 tons of hazardous waste was<br />
collected from households, an increase of 4.8<br />
percent compared to 2008. On average, 4.9<br />
kg of hazardous waste per Swedish resident<br />
was handed in. The figures include impregnated<br />
wood, a fraction which has steadily<br />
increased over recent years and today constitutes<br />
55 percent of all hazardous waste from<br />
households. In 2009, 24,760 tons of impregnated<br />
wood was collected, an increase of 16<br />
percent compared to the year before.<br />
Hazardous waste, including impregnated<br />
wood, represented 1 percent of the household<br />
waste.<br />
Hazardous waste can be toxic, carcinogenic,<br />
corrosive, mutagenic, ecotoxic, infectious, or<br />
flammable. Hazardous substances may occur<br />
in very small amounts in some products, but<br />
could all together cause great damage if they<br />
end up in the wrong place. It is therefore important<br />
that hazardous waste is separated from<br />
other waste and handed in correctly.<br />
Local authorities are responsible for hazardous<br />
household waste. The responsibility<br />
encompasses collection, transport, and treatment.<br />
The responsibility is regulated by the<br />
Environmental Code, the Waste Collection and<br />
Disposal Ordinance, and the Municipal Waste<br />
Regulation Ordinance.<br />
Households are responsible for separating<br />
hazardous waste from other household waste.<br />
It is regulated in the Municipal Waste<br />
Regulation Ordinance.<br />
At a national level, Sweden lacks a follow-up<br />
system for hazardous waste from industries<br />
and other types of businesses. There are no<br />
precise statistics of the amounts of hazardous<br />
waste from industries, but according to the<br />
official Swedish waste statistics, reported to<br />
the EU by the Swedish Environmental<br />
Protection Agency, Swedish households and<br />
enterprises produced 2.8 million tons of hazardous<br />
waste in 2006, including scrap vehicles,<br />
electrical waste etc.<br />
The most common collection system for the<br />
hazardous household waste is through drop off<br />
at the manned municipal recycling centers.<br />
Several municipalities have stopped using the<br />
unmanned recycling stations and have instead<br />
introduced curbside collection. Approximately<br />
one third of all municipalities in the country<br />
offer curbside collection, often in combination<br />
with several other collection systems.<br />
Hazardous waste handed to collection or<br />
treatment facilities often require pre-treatment<br />
in order to facilitate further treatment. Since<br />
hazardous waste may contain substances<br />
which are to be phased out of the ecocycle, the<br />
treatment often aims at destroying these substances.<br />
Substances which cannot be rendered<br />
harmless or be reused will be disposed<br />
to landfills. In these cases it is important that<br />
the waste is chemically and physically stable<br />
so hazardous substances do not leak out to<br />
surrounding areas.<br />
New treatment methods for recycling hazardous<br />
waste have been developed, which<br />
involve the separation of hazardous substances<br />
and recycling of the remaining parts. The<br />
method is used for treatment of, for instance,<br />
paint tins and oil filters. Toxic and poorly degradable<br />
substances, such as pesticides and<br />
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<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
other hazardous chemical waste, are incinerated<br />
in specialized furnaces at high temperatures.<br />
Contaminated soil can be decontaminated<br />
through biodegradation.<br />
Impregnated wood contains ecologically<br />
harmful substances such as arsenic, creosote,<br />
and copper. Collected wood is chipped and<br />
incinerated in specially licensed waste-to-energy<br />
plants.<br />
<strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> is running a national campaign<br />
in 2009-2010, to inform the public about<br />
hazardous waste. The campaign is arranged in<br />
cooperation with the Swedish local authorities.<br />
The primary purposes of the campaign are to<br />
motivate people to deposit hazardous waste<br />
and to use less harmful, chemical products.<br />
Pharmaceuticals are not classified as hazardous<br />
waste, with the exception of cytostatics,<br />
but should for environmental reasons be<br />
handed in separately. As from December 15,<br />
2009, the pharmacies are responsible for collection<br />
of pharmaceutical waste. In 2009, fully<br />
1,100 tons of pharmaceutical waste was collected,<br />
which is an increase of 4 percent compared<br />
to 2008.<br />
QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS <strong>WASTE</strong> COLLECTED 1999 – 2009<br />
tons<br />
50,000<br />
45,000<br />
40,000<br />
35,000<br />
30,000<br />
25,000<br />
20,000<br />
15,000<br />
10,000<br />
5,000<br />
0<br />
-99 -00 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09<br />
Quantity of hazardous waste collected (excl. impregnated wood)<br />
Quantity of hazardous waste collected (inc. impregnated wood)<br />
11
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
BATTERIES<br />
A new producer’s responsibility for batteries<br />
was taken into effect on January 1, 2009. It<br />
made battery producers responsible for collection,<br />
treatment, recycling, and disposal of<br />
all batteries regardless of when they appeared<br />
on the market. The producers are also responsible<br />
for running national information activities.<br />
Currently, this is done in cooperation with<br />
the municipalities. The two Swedish companies<br />
El-Kretsen and Blybatteriretur, which represent<br />
the producers, are cooperating with<br />
Swedish Waste Management – <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong><br />
on this matter. Most municipalities manage<br />
the collection of portable batteries within the<br />
municipality, against a negotiated remuneration<br />
from the producers.<br />
In 2009, 1,450 tons of portable batteries<br />
and 273 tons of incorporated batteries were<br />
collected, on average 185 grams per Swedish<br />
resident. This is a reduction of 6 percent compared<br />
to 2008.<br />
The municipalities collected 5,275 tons of<br />
lead-acid batteries, on average 0.6 kg per<br />
Swedish resident, which is an increase of 4<br />
percent compared to the year before.<br />
All collected batteries are taken care of and<br />
separated after chemical content before being<br />
sent to recycling or landfilling.<br />
• Lead-acid batteries go to recycling and the<br />
battery lead is used in new batteries.<br />
• Batteries containing nickel-cadmium go to<br />
treatment where the cadmium is used in so<br />
called vented nickel-cadmium batteries,<br />
which are commonly used in industries.<br />
Nickel is also recycled but goes to steelworks.<br />
• Nickel-metal hydride batteries are recycled<br />
in facilities where the nickel can be returned<br />
into the cycle.<br />
• Batteries containing mercury go to reprocessing.<br />
The Parliament has decided not to<br />
recycle mercury. This is why work is currently<br />
at hand to extract the mercury from<br />
batteries, so it can be phased out of the<br />
recycling system and have safe direct disposal.<br />
• Lithium batteries are treated in facilities<br />
where reuse of cobalt is possible, for example<br />
as additive in the steel industry.<br />
All batteries shall be collected and materialrecycled<br />
to the fullest extent possible.<br />
Collection of small batteries 2003 – 2009<br />
kg/person<br />
0.25<br />
0.20<br />
0.15<br />
0.10<br />
0.05<br />
0<br />
-03<br />
-04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09<br />
12
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong> FROM ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT (WEEE)<br />
In 2009, 143,850 tons of waste from electrical<br />
and electronic equipment – the abbreviation<br />
WEEE – was collected, which is a decrease<br />
of 5.2 percent compared to 2008. On average,<br />
15.4 kg WEEE per person was collected in<br />
2009, compared to 16.3 kg per person the<br />
year before. There are close connections<br />
between economic situation, consumption<br />
and waste production. The reduction is therefore<br />
likely to be a result of the recession and of<br />
smaller and lighter electric and electronic<br />
products.<br />
Since the producer’s responsibility was<br />
taken into effect in Sweden, local authorities<br />
and producers have cooperated in the management<br />
of WEEE. Together, <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> –<br />
Swedish Waste Management, the Swedish<br />
Association of Local Authorities and Regions<br />
(SALAR), and the electrical producers’ service<br />
company, El-kretsen, created the system in<br />
2001. The collaboration means that local<br />
authorities assume responsibility for the collection<br />
of electronic waste from households,<br />
and the producers are responsible for its treatment.<br />
Collection of electronic waste from households<br />
is primarily carried out at the manned<br />
municipal recycling centers, of which there are<br />
approximately 600 throughout the country. In<br />
some municipalities this is complemented by are incinerated in waste-to-energy plants, and<br />
curbside collection. <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> – Swedish metal is recycled in smelting plants.<br />
Waste Management and El-Kretsen collaborate<br />
with several local authorities on different<br />
projects to develop these collection systems.<br />
An example of this is the collection of light<br />
bulbs and smaller electric and electronic waste<br />
into small containers, which are placed in<br />
stores and other public places.<br />
WEEE is pretreated through sorting and dismantling<br />
before it is sent on for further treatment.<br />
Pretreatment is carried out in certified<br />
facilities, and later forwarded to final treatment<br />
or recycling.<br />
Components containing hazardous substances,<br />
i.e. hazardous waste, are treated in<br />
approved treatment facilities. Plastic casings<br />
Fluorescent tubes and low-energy bulbs contain<br />
mercury. These products are therefore<br />
separated and treated in a closed process. The<br />
glass and metal contents are recycled, and<br />
methods enabling the recycling of the phosphorus<br />
powder with its mercury content, is<br />
being developed.<br />
It happens that old electronic products are<br />
donated to other countries as charity, for what<br />
may seem as a good cause, but this is however<br />
not environmentally friendly. From an environmental<br />
point of view, it is better to have these<br />
products recycled in Sweden, where we have<br />
methods to treat such waste in an environmentally<br />
sound way.<br />
COLLECTION OF WEEE 2003-2009<br />
tons<br />
200,000<br />
150,000<br />
100,000<br />
50,000<br />
0<br />
-03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09<br />
Återvunnet elavfall<br />
13
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
MATERIAL RECYCLING<br />
Material recycling including biological treatment<br />
accounted for 2,204,280 tons, in 2009,<br />
which represents 236.0 kg per person. The<br />
Swedish Parliament has set the goal of having<br />
at least 50 percent of household waste going<br />
to material recycling, including biological treatment,<br />
by 2010.<br />
In 2009, the material recycling including<br />
biological treatment reached 49.2 percent.<br />
The part of material recycling which includes<br />
packaging, electronic waste, as well as bulky<br />
waste collected as metal fraction in municipal<br />
recycling centers, decreased to 1,580,600<br />
tons, 169.9 kg per person and corresponds to<br />
35.4 percent of all treated household waste.<br />
Metal waste from households handed to the<br />
recycling centers, such as bicycles and garden<br />
furniture, increased until 2007, and has<br />
decrease after that. However, between 2008<br />
and 2009, this fraction increased with close to<br />
18,000 tons. In 2009, 169,920 tons of metal<br />
waste was collected for recycling, which represents<br />
18.2 kg per person.<br />
One explanation for the reduced quantities<br />
of waste going to material recycling is the economic<br />
recession. Reduced consumption leads<br />
to reduced waste quantities. At the same time,<br />
recycling of newspapers and some types of<br />
packaging has increased, meaning that a<br />
greater extent of packages and newspapers<br />
put on the market gets recycled.<br />
The presented figures on quantities of cardboard,<br />
plastic and metal packaging are based<br />
on packaging quantities reported by production<br />
companies, which pay fees to the so<br />
called REPA Register (producer responsibility<br />
register for packaging).<br />
Packaging is mainly collected through the<br />
some 5,800 unmanned recycling stations that<br />
producers control. However, it can also be collected<br />
at the manned municipal recycling centers.<br />
Several municipalities have introduced<br />
curbside collection of newspapers and packaging,<br />
which is a collection system that is<br />
being increasingly applied.<br />
The collected newspaper quantities<br />
decreased to 420,000 tons, in 2009. The recycling<br />
rate however went up to 91 percent; the<br />
target rate of 75 percent has long been<br />
reached.<br />
The amount of office paper that was collected<br />
decreased to 118,000 tons, which is<br />
about 72 percent of the amount produced on<br />
the market. The result thereby exceeds the<br />
voluntary target of 50 percent.<br />
470,700 tons of packaging – paper packaging,<br />
paperboard and corrugated cardboard –<br />
was recycled in 2009. The joint recycling target<br />
for all packaging made from paper fibers<br />
was 65 percent, while the recycling rate for<br />
last year was 74 percent.<br />
33,400 tons of metal packaging was recycled<br />
last year. The recycling rate reached 73<br />
percent and the recycling target of 70 percent<br />
was thus achieved.<br />
44,430 tons of plastic packaging went to<br />
material recycling in 2009, the recycling rate<br />
decreased to 27 percent. 6,230 tons went to<br />
Waste-to-Energy; the recycling rate was 4 percent.<br />
The total recycling rate for plastic packaging<br />
landed on 31 percent, which is far from<br />
the recycling target at 70 percent. As from<br />
2009, such plastic packaging material which<br />
goes to Waste-to-Energy mixed with other<br />
household waste is not included.<br />
177,300 tons, or 90 percent, of all glass<br />
packaging was material-recycled. The recycling<br />
rate is 70 percent.<br />
<strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> is running a national campaign<br />
on material recycling in 2010-2011. The<br />
campaign is arranged in cooperation with the<br />
Swedish local authorities. The objective of the<br />
campaign is to increase the knowledge about<br />
material recycling and improve the confidence<br />
in the municipalities work on this matter.<br />
14
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
The Parliament’s<br />
[tons] [kg/person] Recovery degree % recycling target %<br />
Newspaper 420,000 45.0 91 75<br />
Office paper 118,000 12.6 72<br />
Cardboard packages 479,700 51.4 74 65<br />
Metal packages 33,400 3.6 73 70<br />
Plastic packages 44,430 4.8<br />
*<br />
27 70<br />
Glass packages 177,300 19.0 90 70<br />
WEEE 117,770 12.6<br />
Refrigeration units 26,080 2.8<br />
Metal from household waste 169,920 18.2<br />
Total 1,586,600 169.9<br />
* 4 % waste-to-energy - total recovery rate 31 %<br />
** of which 30 % is material recovery.<br />
**<br />
MATERIAL RECYCLING HOUSEHOLDS 2005–2009 (TONS)<br />
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009<br />
Newspaper 483,000 483,000 474,000 459,000 420,000<br />
Office paper 135,000 153,000 164,000 156,000 118,000<br />
Cardboard packages 380,000 486,790 504,000 482,000 479,700<br />
Metal packages 33,700 33,700 35,300 32,660 33,400<br />
Plastic packages 31,080 42,130 49,120 50,310 44,430<br />
Glass packages 155,000 159,000 171,100 174,170 177,300<br />
WEEE 101,500 121,900 129,700 122,900 117,770<br />
Refrigeration units 25,000 28,000 30,500 28,800 26,080<br />
Metal from household waste 130,000 150,000 180,000 152,000 169,920<br />
Total 1,474,280 1,657,520 1,737,720 1,657,840 1,586,600<br />
Material recycling households<br />
Source: Förpacknings-och tidningsinsamlingen, El-kretsen, Svensk Returpappersförening and <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong><br />
tons<br />
2,000,000<br />
1,800,000<br />
1,600,000<br />
1,400,000<br />
1,200,000<br />
1,000,000<br />
800,000<br />
600,000<br />
400,000<br />
200,000<br />
0<br />
1975 1980 1985<br />
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010<br />
15
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT<br />
In 2009, 617,680 tons of household waste<br />
was biologically treated – anaerobic digestion<br />
or composting. An increase of 3.4 percent<br />
compared to 2008. In total this means that<br />
66.1 kg of waste – green waste and food<br />
waste – was biologically treated in 2009. The<br />
biological treatment now stands for 13.8 percent<br />
of the total quantity of treated household<br />
waste.<br />
154 municipalities already have more or<br />
less implemented systems for collection of<br />
food waste, according to a new survey made<br />
by <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> – Swedish Waste<br />
Management. 22 of these only collect food<br />
waste from restaurants and large-scale kitchens,<br />
while the remaining 132 municipalities<br />
have systems for households as well. The survey<br />
shows that an additional 63 municipalities<br />
are planning to introduce systems for sourceseparation<br />
of food waste. According to <strong>Avfall</strong><br />
<strong>Sverige</strong>’s calculations, an estimated 21 percent<br />
of the food waste was biologically treated<br />
in 2009.<br />
Waste analysis shows that every Swedish<br />
resident produces close to 100 kg of food<br />
waste per year, mainly from fruit and vegetables.<br />
The most common system used for source<br />
separation of food waste in single-family houses<br />
is two separate bins, one for food waste<br />
and one for combustible waste. There is also<br />
the multi-compartment system where different<br />
fractions are separated into separate<br />
containers. Another collection system sometimes<br />
used, is optic sorting of different colored<br />
bags that are put into the same container.<br />
Through anaerobic digestion of biological<br />
waste, biogas, consisting of methane and carbon<br />
dioxide, is produced. Biogas is renewable<br />
and the most environmentally sound fuel available,<br />
and can be used for vehicle fuel, heating<br />
and electricity generation. In order to use the<br />
biogas as vehicle fuel and in natural gas pipelines,<br />
it needs to be processed and upgraded.<br />
In 2009, 317,440 MWh of biogas was produced,<br />
which is equivalent to 35 million liters<br />
of petrol. Biogas is today primarily used as<br />
vehicle fuel, a market that is growing fast.<br />
Another product from anaerobic digestion<br />
processes is digestate, an excellent fertilizer<br />
with a rich nutrient content. When using digestate<br />
instead of mineral fertilizers plant nutrients<br />
are preserved, for example phosphorus,<br />
which is a limited resource. In 2009,<br />
498,720 tons of digestate was preserved,<br />
of which 97 percent was used in farming. The<br />
remaining 3 percent was either dehydrated<br />
and/or processed with after-composting.<br />
In 2009, 630,500 tons of waste was treated<br />
through composting, of which 85,620 tons<br />
was food waste. Compost is mainly used as<br />
soil improver or in soil mixes.<br />
Plants which produce compost or digestate<br />
from source separated bio-waste, including<br />
food waste from the food industry, can have<br />
their product quality marked with certification.<br />
16
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
In 2009, 317,440 MWh of biogas was produced,<br />
which is equivalent to 35 million liters of petrol.<br />
17
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
The certification system, which was introduced<br />
ten years ago, was developed by <strong>Avfall</strong><br />
<strong>Sverige</strong> in consultation with the farming and<br />
food industry, compost and digestate producers,<br />
soil producers, authorities and experts.<br />
SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden is<br />
the inspection body of this certification system.<br />
Certification places requirements on the<br />
entire waste management chain, from the<br />
incoming waste to the final product. A number<br />
of plants are currently going through the process<br />
of having their products certified. Ten<br />
biogas plants – Falkenberg, Helsingborg,<br />
Kalmar, Kristianstad, Laholm, Linköping,<br />
Norrköping, Uppsala, Västerås, and<br />
Vänersborg – as well as three composting<br />
plants – Borlänge, Malmö, and Örebro – have<br />
obtained certificates.<br />
A voluntary undertaking to minimize the<br />
emissions from biogas and upgrading plants<br />
was initiated by <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> and further<br />
developed throughout 2009. Air emissions<br />
may arise from different stages of biological<br />
treatment through anaerobic digestion of<br />
organic material and in biogas upgrading processes<br />
in treatment plants. Even though the<br />
emissions from biogas plants are low, they<br />
should be minimized for several reasons.<br />
Approximately 30 biogas and upgrading plants<br />
have signed up for the voluntary undertaking.<br />
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009<br />
Anaerobic digestion 258,070 283,730 356,090 405,580 535,930<br />
Composting 459,830 452,390 515,290 568,700 630,500<br />
Total biological treatment 717,900 736,120 871,380 974,280 1,166,430<br />
of which food waste 118,960 134,990 166,810 162,680 178,770<br />
Total quantity of household waste treated biologically* 454,450 469,880 561,300 597,280 617,680<br />
Digestate (tons) 251,840 272,730 336,100 389,350 498,720<br />
Crude gas (MWh) 161,600 181,270 228,810 280,000 317,440<br />
Vehicle gas (MWh) 87,730 106,430 149,230 204,720 262,600<br />
Electricity (MWh) 1,260 1,680 1,230 700 O**<br />
Heating (MWh) 61,620 63,600 67,960 48,740 41,280<br />
Total (MWh) 161,600 181,270 218,410 254,160 303,870<br />
18<br />
* Including 63,000 tons of home composting.<br />
** An increasing share of biogas is being upgraded to vehicle gas. The production of electricity has almost stopped.
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
Composting Total (tons) of which food waste<br />
Ale 1,290 390<br />
Alingsås 1,210 1,210<br />
Borås 9,260 2,060<br />
Borlänge 11,770 11,110<br />
Eslöv 9,810 9,810<br />
Fagersta 4,220 650<br />
Gällivare 6,980 560<br />
Göteborg 26,240 20,580<br />
Habo 1,660 200<br />
Halmstad 6,640 6,640<br />
Helsingborg 22,460 17,290<br />
Huddinge 17,870 17,590<br />
Hässleholm 18,280 16,870<br />
Karlskrona 7,500 7,500<br />
Karlstad 56,500 2,000<br />
Klippan 9,760 7,980<br />
Kristinehamn 15,400 200<br />
Kungsbacka 3,960 1,800<br />
Ludvika 13,210 10,240<br />
Luleå 20,410 12,140<br />
Malmö 33,180 33,180<br />
Mariestad 1,820 240<br />
Motala 3,200 3,200<br />
Mörrum 12,700 10,650<br />
Norrtälje 1,570 1,570<br />
Sala 11,700 7,680<br />
Simrishamn 5,280 5,280<br />
Södertälje 12,900 5,900<br />
Tranås 1,730 500<br />
Trelleborg 6,410 6,410<br />
Täby 29,510 23,570<br />
Uppsala 9,180 9,030<br />
Västerås 33,180 10,000<br />
Ystad 4,720 4,720<br />
Örebro 9,800 9,700<br />
Östersund 11,610 6,270<br />
Överkalix 980 220<br />
Total 453,900 284,940<br />
Other plants 176 600 176 600<br />
The country 630 500 461 540<br />
Anaerobic digestion Total (tons) of which food waste<br />
Bjuv 47,000 0<br />
Boden 4,060 1,860<br />
Borås 24,580 12,400<br />
Eskilstuna 5,960 3,320<br />
Falköping 8,550 4,970<br />
Falkenberg 79,400 2,700<br />
Helsingborg 64,330 19,020<br />
Huddinge 940 680<br />
Jönköping 8,890 5,950<br />
Kalmar 25,890 0<br />
Kristianstad 90,130 4,230<br />
Laholm 55,230 2,300<br />
Linköping 46,600 0<br />
Norrköping 16,000 0<br />
Skellefteå 6,540 4,290<br />
Skövde 8,230 0<br />
Uppsala 9,600 5,020<br />
Vetlanda 1,000 1,000<br />
Vänersborg 12,700 10,100<br />
Västerås 20,300 15,300<br />
Totalt 535,930 93,140<br />
biological treatment 1975 – 2009<br />
tons<br />
700,000<br />
600,000<br />
500,000<br />
400,000<br />
300,000<br />
200,000<br />
100,000<br />
0<br />
1975 1980 1985<br />
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010<br />
19
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong>-TO-ENERGY<br />
In 2009, 2,173,000 tons of household waste<br />
was treated by incineration with energy recovery<br />
– Waste-to-Energy. This was a reduction of<br />
close to 120,000 tons compared to 2008. If<br />
divided over the Swedish population, 232.6 kg<br />
of household waste per person was incinerated<br />
last year. Waste-to-energy accounts for<br />
48.4 percent of the total quantity of treated<br />
household waste.<br />
Expansion and improvement of effectiveness<br />
have led to increased energy recovery in<br />
the last years. In total, 13.9 TWh of energy<br />
was produced through incineration, of which<br />
12.3 TWh was used for heating and 1.6 TWh<br />
for electricity. That corresponds to electricity<br />
for 275,000 normal sized homes, and heating<br />
for 820,000 homes. A study on European<br />
waste-to-energy production shows that<br />
Sweden has the highest rate of energy recovery<br />
from waste incineration.<br />
In addition, 2,497,830 tons of other waste<br />
was treated, mainly industrial waste. The total<br />
amount of incinerated waste was 4,670,840<br />
tons, which is an increase of 100,000 tons<br />
compared to the year before.<br />
The statistical information refers, at first<br />
hand, to plants treating household waste.<br />
Energy recovery also takes place in plants<br />
where household waste is not treated.<br />
Sweden has enforced strict regulations on<br />
air and water emissions from waste incineration<br />
since the middle of the 1980’s. Most<br />
types of emissions have been reduced by<br />
90-99 percent since that time. Apart from<br />
stricter regulations, other factors such as progressing<br />
technological development and<br />
improved waste separation have contributed<br />
to reduced emissions.<br />
The remains from incineration consist of<br />
bottom ash from the furnace, 15-20 percent<br />
by weight of the treated waste, and flue gas<br />
treatment residues, 3-5 percent by weight.<br />
Part of the slag goes to landfills, while slag<br />
gravel may be used as substitute to natural<br />
gravel in, for example, road and landfill construction<br />
work. The flue gas treatment residues<br />
are either transported to landfills or used<br />
for neutralization when refilling mines.<br />
There are 29 plants for incineration of<br />
household waste in Sweden, which will continue<br />
to expand in 2010 and 2011.<br />
Imported waste used for energy recovery<br />
has increased in recent years, and in 2009,<br />
Sweden imported 36,480 tons of household<br />
waste. Waste has become an increasingly<br />
important source in Swedish district heating<br />
systems. An evaluation on the climate impact<br />
of imported waste going to Waste-to-Energy,<br />
carried out by <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> - Swedish Waste<br />
Management and the Swedish District Heating<br />
Association, shows that the emissions of<br />
greenhouse gases has decreased due to the<br />
waste import.<br />
The main reason for the large emission<br />
reduction is that imports replace waste treatment<br />
in the country of origin. First of all, this<br />
has to do with landfilling, which due to import<br />
enables a reduction of methane emissions<br />
considerably, a very potent greenhouse gas.<br />
The report shows that the transportation of<br />
waste in comparison only marginally adds to<br />
the greenhouse emissions.<br />
According to the EU Framework Directive for<br />
Waste, waste incineration with effective energy<br />
recovery is regarded as recycling. It is a<br />
sanitary and environmentally sound treatment<br />
method of such waste which cannot or should<br />
not be treated otherwise.<br />
* ”Energy from waste – An international perspective”<br />
<strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> report U2008:13 is available for download<br />
at www.avfallsverige.se<br />
** ” U 2010:01 Import of combustible waste and its<br />
impact on emissions of climate gases” <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong><br />
report U2010:01 is available for download at www.<br />
avfallsverige.se<br />
20
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
13.9 TWh of energy was produced through<br />
incineration, of which 12.3 TWh was used<br />
for heating and 1.6 TWh for electricity.<br />
21
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
Processed waste (tons)<br />
Energy recovery (MWh)<br />
Plant Household waste Total Heating Electricity<br />
Avesta 19,460 52,360 164,980 0<br />
Boden 43,020 93,500 306,000 28,000<br />
Bollnäs 23,290 47,030 131,710 0<br />
Borlänge 36,560 63,340 154,910 31,690<br />
Borås 26,040 102,820 227,700 49,700<br />
Eksjö 28,650 51,950 94,550 16,250<br />
Finspång 23,130 29,360 65,270 0<br />
Göteborg 275,460 453,860 1,197,390 227,790<br />
Halmstad 103,370 183,470 450,200 63,420<br />
Hässleholm 10,920 42,420 107,940 3,990<br />
Jönköping 47,780 145,150 359,100 100,210<br />
Karlskoga 30,800 95,580 233,840 22,170<br />
Karlstad 35,320 48,040 156,860 0<br />
Kil 0 13,830 40,490 0<br />
Kiruna 29,590 60,800 136,280 24,030<br />
Kumla 44,740 162,210 263,420 68,370<br />
Köping 15,350 29,380 76,080 0<br />
Lidköping 42,920 90,480 292,210 30,400<br />
Linköping 146,350 390,900 948,140 134,940<br />
Ljungby 52,540 58,720 139,930 15,040<br />
Malmö 220,780 548,230 1,471,540 254,040<br />
Mora 11,160 14,130 39,340 0<br />
Norrköping 112,150 190,470 499,510 32,450<br />
Skövde 26,840 59,400 170,930 12,960<br />
Stockholm 393,430 659,910 1,649,490 311,640<br />
Sundsvall 90,430 197,000 421,820 84,370<br />
Södertälje 0 175,740 781,600 10,490<br />
Uddevalla 43,990 97,560 183,000 57,000<br />
Umeå 62,780 128,960 310,130 68,900<br />
Uppsala 165,650 340,690 1,090,130 0<br />
Västervik 10,500 43,550 119,930 0<br />
Total 2,173,000 4,670,840 12,284,420 1,647,850<br />
<strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong>’s statistics encompass Waste-to-Energy plants for household waste. Most plants also accept other waste.<br />
The plants in Södertälje and Kil are included despite this definition.<br />
The figures presented above include energy from back-up fuels. The amount of back-up fuel was 106,200 MWh in total.<br />
22
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
Energy recovery and emissions 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009<br />
Incineration (tons)<br />
Households 2,181,890 2,107,860 2,190,980 2,292,970 2,173,000<br />
Other waste 1,637,440 1,991,940 2,279,710 2,273,840 2,497,840<br />
Total 3,819,330 4,099,800 4,470,690 4,566,810 4,670,840<br />
Production (MWh)<br />
Heating 10,168,190 10,270,290 12,151,270 12,196,620 12,284,420<br />
Electricity 943,270 1,187,390 1,482,750 1,527,600 1,647,850<br />
Total 11,111,460 11,457,680 13,634,020 13,724,220 13,932,270<br />
Emissions to air (tons)<br />
Dust 39 33 24 30 37<br />
HCl 98 55 60 39 35<br />
SOx (SO 2<br />
) 310 175 196 154 211<br />
NOx (NO 2<br />
) 1,904 2,180 2,101 2,190 2,350<br />
Emissions to air *<br />
Hg (kg) 33 39 36 44 58<br />
Cd + Tl (kg) 21 15 6 6 15<br />
Pb (kg) 77 54 51 136 170<br />
Dioxin (g) 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.8 2.6<br />
Bottom ash (tons) 550,850 598,545 649,680 693,140 736,020<br />
APC residues (tons) 160,920 176,298 183,370 202,920 216,660<br />
**<br />
**<br />
**<br />
* the emission values are accounted for in accordance with the rules for waste incineration<br />
** a few higher values affect the total emission values<br />
Processed waste 1991 – 2009<br />
ton<br />
5,000,000<br />
4,000,000<br />
3,000,000<br />
2,000,000<br />
1,000,000<br />
Energy recovery 1991 – 2009<br />
MWh<br />
15,000,000<br />
12,000,000<br />
9,000,000<br />
6,000,000<br />
3,000,000<br />
-91 -96 -01<br />
-07 -08 -09<br />
Total amount of waste treated by Waste-to-Energy<br />
Of which household waste<br />
-91 -96<br />
-01<br />
-07-08 -09<br />
Production<br />
Heat<br />
23
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
LANDFILL<br />
In 2009, 63,000 tons of household waste<br />
went to landfills. This is a decrease by 77,000<br />
tons, or 55 percent, compared to 2008.<br />
Divided over the population, it represents 6.7<br />
kg per person. It also means that 1.4 percent<br />
of the household waste was landfilled. In<br />
2009, a total of 1,030,000 tons of waste was<br />
deposited at the Swedish landfills for municipal<br />
waste, a decrease of 640,000 tons compared<br />
to 2008. Landfilling is the treatment<br />
method that is used for waste which cannot be<br />
treated otherwise, for instance tiles, porcelain<br />
ware and crushed concrete.<br />
In 1994, <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> – Swedish Waste<br />
Management started to collect statistics on<br />
household waste deposited to landfills. The<br />
amount of landfilled waste has decreased<br />
considerably since then, and in 2003 the environmental<br />
objective, to halve the waste going<br />
to landfills compared with 1994, was achieved.<br />
This was a goal set for 2005.<br />
The 31st of December 2008 much stricter<br />
EU regulations regarding landfilling took<br />
effect, and almost half of all landfill sites for<br />
municipal waste were closed. In 2009, 85<br />
landfills were still open. Most of these landfill<br />
sites take non-hazardous waste, while 21 of<br />
them also accept hazardous waste. Only 5 of<br />
the sites are limited to inert waste.<br />
Landfills that are closed must be capped<br />
with a final cover. Together these landfills<br />
cover an estimated area of 25km 2 , and the<br />
estimated total cost for final covering of the<br />
sites is about 6 billion SEK. Every year,<br />
approximately 6-8 million tons of material is<br />
used for the final covers of landfill sites.<br />
Natural material is not always available, and<br />
in many cases, residues, such as contaminated<br />
soil, ashes, sludge etc, is used instead.<br />
During 2009, approximately 248 GWh was<br />
produced from recovered landfill gas at 36<br />
active landfills, of which 11 GWh was used for<br />
electricity. An additional 35 GWh of landfill gas<br />
was flared. Energy is not produced from flaring,<br />
but methane emissions are reduced.<br />
During the same period, approximately 46<br />
GWh was produced from recovered landfill gas<br />
at 12 landfills that were closed in 2008, of<br />
which about 6 GWh was used for electricity,<br />
and 8 GWh was flared.<br />
In 2009, at least half of the active landfills<br />
indicated to have local treatment of leachate.<br />
Local leachate treatment includes, in most<br />
cases, some form of biological treatment to<br />
reduce the emissions of nutrients. Leachate<br />
will however change character in the long run,<br />
since depositing of organic waste is prohibited.<br />
In 2009, 4.8 million m 3 of leachate was<br />
collected from approximately 80 percent of<br />
the active landfills.<br />
At modern landfill sites, waste disposal is<br />
only part of the business conducted. At most<br />
sites, they also attend to the separation of<br />
waste materials going to treatment, to transport<br />
on to recovery and recycling, and to<br />
energy recovery. Sometimes the landfill sites<br />
also serve as temporary storage of large quantities<br />
of waste that fall under the producer’s<br />
responsibility, such as paper and glass.<br />
24
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
LANDFILLED <strong>WASTE</strong> QUANTITIY 1994–2009 (TONS)<br />
Quantity of<br />
of which<br />
waste deposited household waste<br />
1994 6,080,000 1 380,000<br />
1995 5,340,000 1 200,000<br />
1996 5,050,000 1 110,000<br />
1997 4,750,000 1 150,000<br />
1998 4,800,000 1 020,000<br />
1999 4,900,000 920,000<br />
2000 4,450,000 865,000<br />
2001 4,240,000 880,000<br />
2002 3,770,000 825,000<br />
2003 2,940,000 575,000<br />
2004 2,480,000 380,000<br />
2005 1,940,000 210,000<br />
2006 1,830,000 226,000<br />
2007 1,994,000 186,000<br />
2008 1,670,000 140,000<br />
2009 1,030,000 63,000<br />
Landfilled waste quantity 1994 – 2009<br />
tons<br />
7,000,000<br />
6,000,000<br />
5,000,000<br />
4,000,000<br />
3,000,000<br />
2,000,000<br />
1,000,000<br />
0<br />
-94 -96 -98 -00 -02 -04<br />
Quantity of waste deposited<br />
Of which household waste<br />
-06<br />
-08 -09<br />
The presented figures on household waste are not completely authentic since there<br />
are fractions of actual household waste which not always can be separated from<br />
other waste.<br />
ENERGY RECOVERY AT THE LANDFILL SITES (MWH)<br />
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009<br />
Energy recovery 370,000 340,000 282,200 290,100 310,800 294,240<br />
of which electricity 25,000 20,000 20,800 22,600 23,700 17,400<br />
Flaring 50,000 70,000 60,200 52,100 65,100 43,600<br />
25
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong> ECONOMICS<br />
Municipalities and producers handle the management<br />
of household waste. The municipal<br />
costs are charged as a separate waste collection<br />
fee, and the producers’ costs as a fee<br />
included in the price of the product.<br />
The local councils set the municipal waste<br />
collection fees. The producers themselves<br />
decide on the amount of the product fee.<br />
As a rule, the waste collection fees cover<br />
the total costs for the municipal waste management.<br />
However, cases of deficits are taxfunded.<br />
Administration, such as waste planning,<br />
customer service, invoicing and information<br />
are included in the costs. The fee must<br />
also cover the service costs at the recycling<br />
centers for collection and handling of bulky<br />
waste and hazardous household waste. The<br />
rate is often based on one fixed and one variable<br />
fee, for example on one fee for waste<br />
collection and one for waste treatment.<br />
According to the self cost principle in the Local<br />
Government Act, the municipalities’ income<br />
from fees must not exceed the costs for the<br />
municipal waste management.<br />
The waste collection fee of a Swedish single-family<br />
house is 1,980 SEK a year on average,<br />
according to data from the statistics system<br />
<strong>Avfall</strong> Web.<br />
Many local authorities, which have introduced<br />
voluntary collection of food waste, use<br />
the fee as a means of control. For example,<br />
households that sign up for separate collection<br />
of food waste are offered a lower fee than<br />
those that choose to continue with mixed<br />
waste collection.<br />
To attain a higher recycling rate, several<br />
municipalities have introduced a fee based on<br />
weight, which means that the households pay<br />
per kilo waste collected, on top of the basic<br />
fee. 29 municipalities had the weight-based<br />
fee in 2009. In these cases, the collection<br />
vehicles are provided with a scale and equipment<br />
to identify each bin. The total annual<br />
cost for weight-based fees will vary depending<br />
on the quantity of waste left for collection.<br />
The waste collection fee for an apartment of<br />
70 m 2 is on average 1,350 SEK, according to<br />
an annual report submitted by an organization<br />
representing tenants and landlords’ associations.<br />
The cost for waste management is on average<br />
690 SEK per person and year, including<br />
VAT. The municipal cost for collection of waste<br />
in bins and bags is on average 200 SEK per<br />
person. Treatment of the waste is not included<br />
in that cost. The basic fee, at 250 SEK per<br />
person, covers the cost for the recycling centers,<br />
treatment of hazardous waste from<br />
households, planning, information and administration.<br />
The statistics are based on data<br />
collected from approximately 40 percent of<br />
the municipalities in Sweden.<br />
There are several means to reduce the environmental<br />
impact of waste management, to<br />
improve resource efficiency and to increase<br />
recycling, either through information or with<br />
administrative means of control. Examples of<br />
administrative means are regulations and prohibitions<br />
such as emission limit values and<br />
prohibition against landfilling of organic waste.<br />
Economical means can work either as ”carrot”,<br />
through tax reliefs and subventions, or as<br />
“stick”, through taxes and charges. The<br />
Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) is applied.<br />
Tax on landfilled waste was introduced in<br />
2000 as a way to reduce landfilling. The tax<br />
was initially 250 SEK but has since then been<br />
raised several times. Since July 1st 2006, the<br />
landfill tax has been set at 435 SEK per ton of<br />
waste disposed. The landfill site is liable for<br />
taxation. On July 1st 2006, a tax on household<br />
waste going to waste-to-energy incineration<br />
was introduced. The Swedish Parliament has<br />
decided to abrogate that tax on October 1st,<br />
2010.<br />
The treatment fee, or reception fee, is the<br />
part of the waste management which is<br />
charged when the waste is transported to the<br />
treatment facility. The table on the next page<br />
shows the approximate charges for different<br />
types of treatment. The charges can vary a<br />
good deal from one facility to another.<br />
26
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong> INCINERATION TAX<br />
Upphör 1 oktober 2010<br />
kr/tons<br />
600<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
0<br />
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%<br />
electrical efficiency<br />
LANDFILL TAX 2000 – 2010<br />
kr/tons<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
0<br />
-00 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 -09 -10<br />
TREATMENT FEE FOR HOUSEHOLD <strong>WASTE</strong> (including VAT and, where relevant, tax)<br />
SEK/ton 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009<br />
Landfill 700–1,200 700–1,200 700–1,200 700–1,200 700–1,200 700–1,200<br />
Incineration 300–600 300–600 500–1,000 500–1,000 550–1,100 550–1,100<br />
Biological treatment 400–1,000 400–600 400–700 400–800 400–800 400–800<br />
27
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
OTHER <strong>WASTE</strong> THAN HOUSEHOLD <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
The industries are responsible for managing<br />
the waste which is not household waste.<br />
Sometimes they have at their disposal their<br />
own landfill sites or the possibility of energy<br />
recovery in incineration facilities.<br />
Waste from construction, renovation, reconstruction<br />
or demolition of buildings, or from<br />
more extensive garden constructions do not<br />
fall under the responsibility of the municipality<br />
to collect or handle. Waste from minor maintenance<br />
work and house repairs counts as<br />
household waste. Some construction and<br />
demolition waste are classified as hazardous<br />
waste, for example asbestos and impregnated<br />
wood, and must be treated accordingly.<br />
Collected data on waste other than household<br />
waste is found in the official statistics<br />
presented to the EU by the Swedish<br />
Environmental Protection Agency. According to<br />
the EU’s Waste Statistics Directive, each member<br />
state must present its country’s statistics<br />
once every two years. Waste statistics reports<br />
from 2008 will be presented in the autumn of<br />
2010; hence the last available statistics is<br />
from 2006.<br />
In 2006, Sweden produced close to 121<br />
million tons of non-hazardous waste and 2.8<br />
million tons of hazardous waste. According to<br />
the study conducted, 111.1 million tons of<br />
non-hazardous waste and one million tons of<br />
hazardous waste underwent treatment. These<br />
figures include household waste. The statistics<br />
present waste quantities produced and<br />
waste quantities treated, separately. There<br />
are several reasons as to why the figures for<br />
waste treated are smaller than the figures for<br />
waste produced. For example, not all treatment<br />
methods are accounted for, and neither<br />
is internal material recycling in industries.<br />
In 2006, 116 million tons of non-hazardous<br />
waste was produced in the industry, of which<br />
approximately half was mining waste. The<br />
amount of hazardous waste produced in the<br />
industry was approximately 2 million tons.<br />
26 million tons of treated non-hazardous<br />
waste and 339,000 tons of hazardous waste<br />
were material-recycled. Contaminated soil and<br />
incineration residues, which was treated and<br />
used for covering landfill sites, represented a<br />
large share of the recycling of hazardous<br />
waste. 18.5 million tons of non-hazardous<br />
waste and 209,000 tons of hazardous waste<br />
were treated through waste-to-energy incineration.<br />
The figures cover all types of waste,<br />
household waste included.<br />
The largest waste volumes come from the<br />
mining industry, followed by the wood industry<br />
and the construction industry. 62 million tons<br />
of mining waste, approximately 22 million tons<br />
of wood waste and more than 8 million tons of<br />
waste from the construction industry was produced<br />
in 2006.<br />
28
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong> AGENDA<br />
Major law alterations, ordinances and regulations<br />
to be respected by the waste industry.<br />
1999<br />
• The Environmental Code with associated<br />
directives and regulations.<br />
2000<br />
• Introduction of SEK 250/ton tax on waste<br />
going to landfill.<br />
• The municipalities’ possibility of taking voluntary<br />
responsibility for waste other than<br />
household waste is abolished.<br />
2001<br />
• Directives with regulations about landfilling.<br />
• Directives about producer’s responsibility<br />
for waste from electric and electronic equipment<br />
(WEEE).<br />
2002<br />
• Tax on waste to landfills increased to SEK<br />
288/ton.<br />
• Waste directives with new list of wastes.<br />
• Landfilling ban on sorted combustible<br />
waste.<br />
• Directives introduced regarding the incineration<br />
of waste. Applies directly to new facilities.<br />
2003<br />
• Tax on waste to landfills increased to SEK<br />
370/ton.<br />
• Government bill 2002/03:117 ”A society<br />
with non-toxic and resource efficient recycling<br />
systems” is published. Parliament<br />
debate and vote on the government bill.<br />
2004<br />
• Clarification of the waste holder’s responsibility<br />
introduced in chapter 15 § 5 a of the<br />
Environmental Code.<br />
• Regulations and general advice about the<br />
management of combustible and organic<br />
waste.<br />
• Changes to the directives regarding producer’s<br />
responsibility for packaging and<br />
waste paper.<br />
2005<br />
• Landfilling ban on organic waste.<br />
• Swedish environmental objective: The<br />
amount of waste to landfills, excluding mining<br />
waste, must be reduced by at least 50<br />
percent compared with 1994. (According to<br />
the statistics for household waste in 2003.)<br />
• New directive about producer’s responsibility<br />
for waste from electric and electronic<br />
equipment (WEEE) came into force on<br />
August 13 th . The previous directive continues<br />
to apply for light bulbs and light sources.<br />
• Directive and regulation about waste incineration<br />
came into force on December 28 th .<br />
• A national environmental directive that the<br />
quantity of landfill waste, excluding mining<br />
waste, shall be reduced by at least 50 percent<br />
from the level of 1994.<br />
2006<br />
• Energy tax on household waste for incineration<br />
through energy tax is introduced on July<br />
1 st .<br />
• Tax on waste to landfills increased to SEK<br />
435/ton.<br />
• New directives regarding requirements for<br />
receiving waste at landfill sites, and regulations<br />
on contents are laid down in a municipal<br />
waste plan.<br />
• New EU directive 1013/2006 regarding<br />
transportation of waste comes into force.<br />
29
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
2007<br />
• Guidance on the concept of household<br />
waste from the Swedish Environmental<br />
Protection Agency.<br />
• Introduction of increased environmental<br />
responsibility for operators, and increased<br />
legislation on environmental crime.<br />
• The municipalities’ possibility of taking voluntary<br />
responsibility for hazardous waste<br />
other than household waste is abolished on<br />
July 1 st .<br />
• New directive regarding environmentally<br />
harmful activities and health protection<br />
with new permission and reporting levels in<br />
the appendix.<br />
2008<br />
• A new legislation on public procurement<br />
takes effect on January 1 st .<br />
• All open landfill sites must follow ordinances<br />
and regulations for landfilling.<br />
• Introducing demands on pre-consented collection<br />
systems for packaging and certain<br />
types of paper such as newspaper, and on<br />
authorization requirements to run such collection<br />
systems professionally. The law<br />
alteration is proposed to come into force on<br />
September 1 st .<br />
• New Framework Directive for waste from<br />
the European Community, to be implemented<br />
in Sweden by 2010, at the earliest.<br />
• New EC regulation with directives regarding<br />
export to certain countries for recovery of<br />
waste is implemented.<br />
• New EC regulation with directives regarding<br />
an embargo on export of mercury etc. From<br />
the EU is implemented.<br />
2009<br />
• A new regulation regarding batteries takes<br />
effect on January 1 st .<br />
• A new regulation on management of waste<br />
from extractive industries. The directives<br />
concern waste from prospecting, extraction,<br />
processing activities or storage of<br />
mineral resources, and waste from quarry<br />
activities.<br />
2010<br />
• Incineration tax on household waste will be<br />
repealed on October 1 st 2010.<br />
• New handbook from the Swedish<br />
Environmental Protection Agency about<br />
recycling of waste at facilities, Handbook<br />
2010:1.<br />
• A regulation revision authorizes the Swedish<br />
Environmental Protection Agency to negotiate<br />
agreements for less strict registration<br />
procedures for waste transports border<br />
districts between Sweden, Finland and<br />
Denmark.<br />
• Audited definition of biogas to make it possible<br />
to have the definition include landfill<br />
gas. Tax exemption for biogas transported<br />
in pipe lines. The tax exemption shall apply<br />
for the gas all the way to the client according<br />
to contract.<br />
• Tax on fertilizer is abolished on January 1 st ,<br />
2010.<br />
• The insurance on environmental damage<br />
and decontamination is abolished on<br />
January 1 st , 2010.<br />
• New law on durability criteria for biofuels<br />
and bioliquids. Implementation of the criteria<br />
in the Directive 2009/28/EC.<br />
• Revised regulations from the Swedish<br />
Environmental Protection Agency regarding<br />
large incineration plants with waste-to-energy<br />
incineration<br />
30
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
• Revised regulations from the Swedish<br />
Environmental Protection Agency about<br />
demands for landfill sites for hazardous<br />
waste as well as landfill sites for non-hazardous<br />
waste to manage collection and<br />
report meteorological data.<br />
• National target to recycle a minimum of 35<br />
percent of food waste from households,<br />
restaurants, large-scale kitchens, and<br />
stores through biological treatment.<br />
• National target to recover a minimum of 50<br />
percent of the household waste through<br />
material recycling, including biological treatment.<br />
• National target to recycle all food waste and<br />
equivalent waste from food industries etc.,<br />
through biological treatment.<br />
• The revised EU Framework Directive for<br />
Waste shall be taken into force by December<br />
10, at the latest.<br />
2011<br />
• The new regulation (EC) 1069/2009 for<br />
animal by-products, shall apply from March<br />
4 th , 2011.<br />
2013<br />
• By December 12 th , at the latest, the member<br />
states of the EU shall have established<br />
national waste prevention programs to<br />
reduce the waste volumes and also make<br />
the waste less harmful. The programs shall<br />
either be part of waste plans in accordance<br />
with the directive or of other environment<br />
policy programs. The requirements are laid<br />
down in the Waste Framework Directive (EC)<br />
2008/98.<br />
2014<br />
• Waste containing a minimum of 0.1 percent<br />
by weight of mercury and which is not landfilled<br />
in accordance with authorization given<br />
by the Environmental Code, or with regulations<br />
laid down in this code, will be disposed<br />
by means stated in the Waste Collection<br />
and Disposal Ordinance (with some exceptions<br />
given in the regulation (EC)<br />
1108/2008).<br />
2015<br />
• National target that at least 60 percent of<br />
phosphorus pollution in effluent shall be<br />
treated and used on productive lands, of<br />
which at least half should be used on arable<br />
land.<br />
• By 2015, at the latest, the EU member<br />
states hall have established separate collection<br />
of at least paper, metal and glass<br />
provided that it is practicable from a technological,<br />
environmental an economical point<br />
of view. The requirements are laid down in<br />
the Waste Framework Directive.<br />
2020<br />
• The EU has the objective of reducing emissions<br />
of greenhouse gas by 20 percent by<br />
2020, compared to the emission rates in<br />
1990. The Swedish Parliament has called<br />
for a reduction of Sweden’s emissions by 40<br />
percent, compared to 1990. The overall<br />
target is to produce a total of 20 percent<br />
renewable energy within the EU and that 10<br />
percent of all vehicle fuel shall be produced<br />
from renewable resources.<br />
• The Waste Frame Directive includes new<br />
recycling objectives for the member states.<br />
By 2020, 50 percent of all paper, metal,<br />
plastic and glass household waste and<br />
similar waste shall be reused or recovered.<br />
For construction and demolition waste the<br />
target is 70 percent.<br />
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<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
GLOSSARY<br />
AEROBIC TREATMENT<br />
Treatment of biowaste with access to/supply<br />
of oxygen, e.g. composting.<br />
ANAEROBIC TREATMENT<br />
Treatment of biowaste without access to/supply<br />
of oxygen, e.g. digestion.<br />
ASHES<br />
See flue gas cleaning remains and slag.<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong><br />
Every object, chemical or substance that the<br />
owner is disposing of, or intends to dispose of<br />
or is obliged to dispose of (see chapter 15 § 1<br />
of the Environmental Code).<br />
BALING<br />
Packing together and possibly tying into bales,<br />
e.g. before intermediary storage or in order to<br />
get an easier material to handle.<br />
BAT (Best Available Technology)<br />
Guiding principle for which system should be<br />
chosen based from an environmental perspective,<br />
with respect to what may be considered<br />
economically reasonable (see chapter 2<br />
of the Environmental Code).<br />
BIO<strong>WASTE</strong><br />
Waste that is easily decomposed, i.e. the proportion<br />
of organic waste that in a limited time<br />
may be decomposed in biological processes,<br />
e.g. food and garden waste (compare organic<br />
waste).<br />
32<br />
BIOCELL<br />
Demarcated area, e.g. at landfill sites where<br />
biowaste is decomposed in an anoxic process<br />
and landfill gas is produced.<br />
BIOGAS<br />
Gas that is formed during anoxic decomposition<br />
of organic material, mainly consisting of<br />
methane and carbon dioxide.<br />
DIGESTATE<br />
A product from anaerobic digestion of biowaste.<br />
It is a quick-acting fertilizer that replaces<br />
artificial manure in farming. Certified digestate<br />
is now approved by KRAV.<br />
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT<br />
Recycling of humus, nourishment and/or energy<br />
from biowaste through aerobic or anaerobic<br />
treatment.<br />
BIOLOGICAL <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
See biowaste.<br />
DISPOSAL<br />
Such procedures that are laid down in appendix<br />
5 to the Waste Directive, including landfilling.<br />
COMBUSTIBLE <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
Waste that burns without additional energy<br />
once the incineration process has started<br />
(see the Waste Directive § 4).<br />
CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
Waste that is produced through construction,<br />
extension, renovation, reconstruction or demolition<br />
work.<br />
LANDFILL<br />
Controlled storage of waste that is not intended<br />
to be removed (see the Landfill Directive § 5).<br />
LANDFILL GAS<br />
Biogas produced at landfill sites.<br />
DIOXIN<br />
Generic term for 210 organochlorine compounds,<br />
17 of which are extremely toxic and<br />
accumulate in fatty tissue.<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong> ELECTRIC AND ELECTRONIC<br />
EQUIPMENT (WEEE)<br />
Waste from electric and electronic equipment<br />
including all components, equipment parts<br />
and consumables that have had an electrical<br />
or electronic function. Included by the producer’s<br />
responsibility (see Waste Directive § 6<br />
and the Producer’s Responsibility Directive for<br />
Waste from Electric and Electronic Equipment<br />
2005:209 2 § 28).<br />
ENERGY RECOVERY<br />
The utilization of electricity/heat produced in<br />
a waste incineration plant, or by gas from<br />
organic substances, e.g. in a digestion plant or<br />
at a landfill site.
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
HAZARDOUS <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
Waste that has one or several hazardous properties,<br />
e.g. toxic, carcinogenic, explosive or<br />
inflammable. Formally speaking, waste which<br />
is marked with * in appendix 2, or other waste<br />
with one or several hazardous properties<br />
according to appendix 3 of the Waste Directive<br />
(see the Waste Directive § 4).<br />
COLLECTION<br />
Collection, sorting or mixing of waste for further<br />
transportation (see the Waste Directive § 4).<br />
COMPACTOR<br />
Vehicle used for decomposition and packaging<br />
of waste (to reduce the waste volume) at a<br />
landfill site.<br />
BIODEGRADABLE <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
Waste suitable for composting or digestion.<br />
FOOD <strong>WASTE</strong>/CATERING <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
Food waste from the food chain (households,<br />
restaurants, large-scale kitchens, stores, and<br />
the food industry) which for commercial or<br />
other reasons has not been consumed.<br />
CURBSIDE COLLECTION<br />
Collection at or in direct connection to the<br />
property where the waste was produced.<br />
BULKY <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
Waste too heavy or bulky to be collected in<br />
bins and bags (see NFS 2004:4 § 4).<br />
GREEN <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
Park and garden waste<br />
HOUSEHOLD <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
Waste that comes from households and waste<br />
from other businesses which is similar to<br />
waste from households in type or composition<br />
(see the Environmental Code chapter 15 § 2).<br />
¬<br />
NON-COMBUSTIBLE <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
Waste that cannot be incinerated even with<br />
additional energy, e.g. stones, metal.<br />
INERT <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
Waste that does not undergo any essential<br />
physical, chemical or biological changes when<br />
in contact with other waste, e.g. stones and<br />
gravel (see the Landfill Directive § 3).<br />
COMPOSTING<br />
Biological treatment where biological waste is<br />
decomposed by using oxygen (compare digestion).<br />
SOURCE SEPARATION<br />
Sorting or separation of waste at the actual<br />
place where the waste was produced, e.g. in<br />
households.<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong> IN BINS AND BAGS<br />
Waste which is normally produced in households<br />
and put in bins or bags, and collected in<br />
containers, underground containers or<br />
through vacuum collection systems.<br />
LEACHATE<br />
Liquid that runs through, emerges from or is<br />
contained in waste during landfilling, intermediary<br />
storage or transportation.<br />
LINER<br />
Sealing in landfills, often in several layers, to<br />
prevent precipitation from reaching the waste<br />
in the landfill and from collecting leachate.<br />
MATERIAL RECYCLING<br />
See recycling.<br />
UNMANNED HAZARDOUS<br />
<strong>WASTE</strong> COLLECTION POINT<br />
Smaller, unmanned facility for reception of<br />
hazardous household waste, often located at<br />
a recycling center or placed alongside a gas<br />
station.<br />
ORGANIC <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
Waste containing organic carbon, e.g. biological<br />
waste and plastic waste (compare biowaste)<br />
(see the Waste Directive § 4).<br />
PRODUCER<br />
Someone who professionally produce, transport<br />
to Sweden or sell a product or packaging<br />
(goods producer) or who in their professional<br />
business produce waste that requires special<br />
treatment for collection or environmental reasons<br />
(waste producer) (see the Environmental<br />
Code chapter 15 § 4).<br />
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<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
PRODUCER’S RESPONSIBILITY<br />
The responsibility of producers of certain<br />
specified products throughout the entire lifecycle,<br />
including design, production and the<br />
management as waste.<br />
FLUE GAS TREATMENT RESIDUES<br />
A generic term for the fine-grained fraction<br />
that comes from treatment of flue gases and<br />
consists of furnace ash, fly ash, filter cake<br />
from pipe filters, and sludge. Flue gas treatment<br />
residues go to landfilling as hazardous<br />
waste.<br />
ANAEROB DIGESTION<br />
Anaerobic (oxygen-free) treatment method of<br />
biowaste where biogas is produced (compare<br />
composting).<br />
CO-INCINERATION<br />
Incineration of waste, potentially mixed with<br />
other material, in a plant principally constructed<br />
for energy production.<br />
SLAG, BOTTOM ASH<br />
Non-combustible materials that are not vaporized<br />
when incinerated, e.g. glass, porcelain,<br />
scrap iron and stone-like material (gravel etc.).<br />
Bottom ash is left when larger metal remains<br />
have been removed and the material has<br />
been sieved.<br />
INSPECTION CHECK<br />
Inspection by an authority that perform<br />
checks on certain types of business activities,<br />
particularly those of the environmentally<br />
harmful nature.<br />
COVERING<br />
Material found at landfills, often in several layers,<br />
intended to drain leachate, prevent rain<br />
water from seeping down, and in some cases<br />
to prevent waste from blowing away.<br />
Intermediate covering is placed in between<br />
layers of waste, final covering is a thicker layer<br />
placed on top, sometimes with a final layer of<br />
foliage planted.<br />
INDUSTRIAL <strong>WASTE</strong><br />
Waste that is produced from industrial processes.<br />
REUSE<br />
Use of discarded product that has not been<br />
subject to previous processing.<br />
RECOVERY<br />
Use, treatment or preservation of materials,<br />
nutrients or energy from waste (see recovery<br />
procedure, appendix 4 to the Waste Directive).<br />
RECYCLING CENTER<br />
Larger manned facility for reception of bulky<br />
waste, garden waste, WEEE, hazardous waste<br />
etc.<br />
RECYCLING STATION<br />
Unmanned smaller facility for reception of<br />
packaging and waste paper.<br />
Sources: <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong>, Swedish waste terminology (1998, AFR report 217), 1000 Terms in Solid Waste Management (1992, ISWA), Swedish Code of Statutes and the<br />
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s code of statutes.<br />
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<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
ABOUT AVFALL SVERIGE – <strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong><br />
<strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> – Swedish Waste Management is the<br />
Swedish interest organization within the waste management<br />
and recycling sector. Our members are<br />
local authorities and local authorities’ associations.<br />
Private companies are associated members. In total,<br />
we have approximately 400 members.<br />
The primary task is to represent and develop the<br />
members by creating networks, provide information,<br />
and to influence decision-makers.<br />
<strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> – Swedish Waste Management is<br />
striving to promote the development of environmentally<br />
sound and sustainable waste management<br />
based on a manifest responsibility to society.<br />
<strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> – Swedish Waste Management look<br />
after the members’ interests in waste management,<br />
a task which encompasses separation, collection,<br />
recycling, waste disposal, as well as issues regarding<br />
administration, economy, information, planning,<br />
training, and development. <strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> – Swedish<br />
Waste Management is Sweden’s largest environmental<br />
movement. Our members make Swedish<br />
waste management work, with everything that<br />
means, from collection to recycling. We do it on<br />
behalf of the society: environmentally safe, sustainable<br />
and on long term. We are 16,000 people working<br />
with Swedish households and companies –<br />
together, we perform one of Sweden’s most important<br />
jobs!<br />
Find out more at www.avfallsverige.se<br />
STAFF<br />
Weine Wiqvist<br />
Managing Director<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 05<br />
Mobile no. 0708-93 15 99<br />
weine.wiqvist@avfallsverige.se<br />
Jessica Christiansen<br />
Hazardous waste,<br />
Waste from Electrical and<br />
Electronic Equipment (WEEE)<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 18<br />
Mobile no. 0706-69 36 18<br />
jessica.christiansen@avfallsverige.se<br />
Anna-Carin Gripwall<br />
Corporate Communication Manager<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 08<br />
Mobile no. 070-662 61 28<br />
anna-carin.gripwall@avfallsverige.se<br />
Peter Flyhammar<br />
Landfill, energy recovery<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 24<br />
Mobile no. 0709-49 49 57<br />
peter.flyhammar@avfallsverige.se<br />
Angelika Blom<br />
Biological treatment:<br />
composting, digestion, biogas<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 23<br />
Mobile no. 070-622 00 63<br />
angelika.blom@avfallsverige.se<br />
Karin Lindskog Johansson<br />
Public relations officer, batteries<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 12<br />
karin.lindskog@avfallsverige.se<br />
Inge Johansson<br />
Waste-to-energy incineration<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 16<br />
Mobile no. 0739-88 33 99<br />
inge.johansson@avfallsverige.se<br />
Karin Jönsson<br />
Editor of <strong>Avfall</strong> och Miljö<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 17<br />
karin.jonsson@avfallsverige.se<br />
Sven Lundgren<br />
Legal Counsel<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 09<br />
Mobile no. 0708-35 66 55<br />
sven.lundgren@avfallsverige.se<br />
Monica Lövström<br />
Public Affairs Counselor<br />
Mobile no. 0705-35 66 42<br />
monica.lovstrom@avfallsverige.se<br />
Ewa Koverman<br />
Finance assistant, invoicing<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 04<br />
ewa.koverman@avfallsverige.se<br />
Petra Kvist Carlsson<br />
Courses, conferences<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 03<br />
Mobile no. 0708-81 96 36<br />
petra.carlsson@avfallsverige.se<br />
Jon Nilsson-Djerf<br />
Material recycling,<br />
collection, transport<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 14<br />
Mobile no. 070-526 35 27<br />
jon.nilsson-djerf@avfallsverige.se<br />
Per Nilzén<br />
<strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong>’s Development<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 13<br />
Mobile no. 070-523 24 04<br />
per.nilzen@avfallsverige.se<br />
Ingegerd Svantesson<br />
Public relations officer, website editor<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 07<br />
Mobile no. 073-703 70 24<br />
ingegerd.svantesson@avfallsverige.se<br />
Pernilla Svensson<br />
Subscriptions, register of members<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 11<br />
pernilla.svensson@avfallsverige.se<br />
Jenny Westin<br />
Statistics, procurement, waste tariffs<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 15<br />
Mobile no. 070-518 40 45<br />
jenny.westin@avfallsverige.se<br />
Peter Westling<br />
Economy/Administration Manager<br />
Direct tel. no. 040-35 66 06<br />
peter.westling@avfallsverige.se<br />
35
<strong>SWEDISH</strong> <strong>WASTE</strong> <strong>MANAGEMENT</strong> 2010<br />
Adress<br />
Telefon<br />
Fax<br />
E-post<br />
Hemsida<br />
©<strong>Avfall</strong> <strong>Sverige</strong> AB<br />
Prostgatan 2, 211 25 Malmö<br />
040-35 66 00<br />
040-35 66 26<br />
info@avfallsverige.se<br />
www.avfallsverige.se<br />
PETER FORSNOR/T R A D E M A R K M A L M Ö A B FOTO: PETER FORSNOR<br />
36