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258 Zoological Studies 51(2): 248-258 (2012) Acknowledgments: We are grateful to J. Olesen (ZMK) for kindly providing us with the valuable brachyuran material collected from the “Danish Scientific Expedition in Iran” conducted in 1937/38. We are indebted to Prof. M. Türkay (SMF) for his support as supervisor of both authors, and to Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD) for financial support in the form of a PhD scholarship to R. Naderloo. Furthermore, we are grateful to J.A. Khan and the team of the Arabian Seas Expedition who gave great support to one of the authors (M. Apel) during a survey of the UAE coastline in 1995. REFERENCES Alcock A. 1896. Materials for carcinological fauna of India. N. 2: The Brachyura Oxystomata. J. Assoc. Soc. Beng. 65: 134-296. Apel M. 2001. Taxonomie und Zoogeographie der Brachyura, Paguridea und Porcellanidae (Crustacea: Decapoda) des Persisch-Arabischen Golfes: 1-268. PhD dissertation, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Univ., Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Balss H. 1915. Anomuren, Dromiaceen und Oxystomen. XXXI. Die Decapoden des Roten Meeres. Expeditionen S.M. Schiff “Pola” in das Rote Meer nordliche und sudliche halfte 1895/96-1897/98. Berichte der Kommission für ozeanographische Forschungen, 18 pp. Galil B. 2009. An examination of the genus Philyra Leach, 1817 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Leucosiidae) with description of seven new genera and six new species. Zoosystema 31: 279-320. Gravier C. 1920. Sur une collection de crustacés recueillis à Madagascar par M. le Lieutenant Decary. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 26: 376-383. Guinot D. 1967. La faune carcinologique (Crustacea, Brachyura) de l’Ocean Indien occidental et de la Mer Rouge. Catalogue remarques biogéographiques et bibliographie. Mém. Inst. Fond. Afr. 77: 235-352. Laurie RD. 1915. 1906. Report on the Brachyura collected by Professor Herdman at Ceylon, in 1902. In WA Henderman ed. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Part v. Supplementary Report 40: 349-432, pls. 1, 2. Laurie RD. 1915. Reports on the marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. XXI. On the Brachyura. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 31: 407-475, figs. 1-5, pls. 42-45. Naderloo R, A Sari. 2005. Iranian subtidal leucosiid crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) of the Persian Gulf: taxonomy and zoogeography. Iran. J. Anim. Biosys. 1: 31-46. Nobili G. 1906. Faune carcinologique de la Mer Rouge décapodes et stomatopodes. Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) 4: 1-347, figs. 1-12, pls. 1-11. Paulson OM. 1875. Izsledovaniya rakoobraznykh Krasnago Morya s zametkami otnositel’no rakoobraznykh drugikh morei. Chast‘ I. Podophthalmata i Edriophthalmata (Cumacea). Kiew, Kul’zhenko 1875: I-XIV + 1-144, pls. 1-21. Rüppell E. 1830. Beschreibung und Abbildung von 24 Arten kurzschwanzigen Krabben, als Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte des rothen Meers. Frankfurt, Germany: H.L. Brönner, 28 pp. Serène R. 1968. Prodromus for a check list of the nonplanctonic marine fauna of South East Asia. Sing. Nat. Acad. Sci. Spec. Pub. 1: 1-122. Stephensen K. 1946. The Brachyura of the Iranian Gulf. Danish scientific investigations in Iran, part IV. Copenhagen: E. Munksgaard, pp. 57-237. Tan CGS, PKL Ng. 1995. A revision of the Indo-Pacific genus Oreophorus Rüppel, 1830 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Leucosiidae). In B Richer De Forges, ed. Les fonds meubles des lagons de Nouvelle-Calédonie (Sédimentologie, benthos). Etudes & Thèses, Vol. 2. Paris: Orstom, pp. 101-189. Tirmizi NM, QB Kazmi. 1986. Marine fauna of Pakistan. 4. Crustacea: Brachyura (Dromiacea, Archaebrachyura, Oxystomata, Oxyrhyncha). Publication I, BCCI Foundation Chair, Institute of Marine Sciences, Univ. of Karachi, Pakistan, pp. 1-244. Titgen RH. 1982. The systematics and ecology of the decapods of Dubai, and their zoogeographic relationships to the Persian Gulf and the western Indian Ocean. PhD dissertation, Texas A&M Univ., Texas, USA.
Zoological Studies 51(2): 259-271 (2012) A Predictive Model to Differentiate the Fruit Bats Cynopterus brachyotis and C. cf. brachyotis Forest (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) from Malaysia Using Multivariate Analysis Vijaya K. Jayaraj 1, *, Charlie J. Laman 2 , and Mohd T. Abdullah 2 1 Faculty of Agro Industry and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked bag 36, Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan 16100, Malaysia 2 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia (Accepted September 7, 2011) Vijaya K. Jayaraj, Charlie J. Laman, and Mohd T. Abdullah (2012) A predictive model to differentiate the fruit bats Cynopterus brachyotis and C. cf. brachyotis Forest (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) from Malaysia using multivariate analysis. Zoological Studies 51(2): 259-271. Field discrimination of Cynopterus brachyotis and C. cf. brachyotis Forest (as designated by Francis 2008) in southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo is problematic. These 2 forms are sympatric in this region but are confined to different habitat types: C. brachyotis inhabits open habitats, orchards, and agricultural areas, while C. cf. brachyotis Forest is confined to primary and old secondary forests. In this study, we attempted to develop prediction models to identify both C. brachyotis and C. cf. brachyotis Forest in this region based on multivariate statistics. Two predictive models were generated using a canonical discriminant function, and it was found that 5 characters can be used to accurately identify museum vouchers of C. brachyotis and C. cf. brachyotis Forest. Four characters are needed for field identification of these 2 forms of Cynopterus in southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo. A review of the current taxonomy and classification indicated that there is a need to describe the 6 existing forms of the C. brachyotis complex in the Indo-Malayan region. This will aid conservationists, field ecologists, and taxonomists in taxonomic- and conservation-related decisions about this species complex. http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.2/259.pdf Key words: Cynopterus brachyotis, Discriminant function analysis, Habitat type. The genus Cynopterus F. Cuvier 1824, commonly known as dog-faced fruit bats or shortnosed fruit bats are widely distributed in the Indo- Malayan region (Corbet and Hill 1992). The taxonomic status of this genus has undergone many revisions, and the most recent classification by Simmons (2005) lists 7 species in this genus: C. brachyotis (Müller, 1838); C. horsfieldii Gray, 1843; C. luzoniensis Peters, (1861); C. minutus Miller, 1906; C. nusatenggara Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi, 1991; C. sphinx (Vahl, 1797); and C. tithaecheilus (Temminck, 1825). Discriminating between species in this genus is often problematic given the many variations and overlap between species representatives across a geographical gradient. Work such as that by Bumrungsri and Racey (2005) is often done to discriminate similar sympatric species in this genus. The nominate C. brachyotis type specimen was described by Müller (1838), but currently the status of C. brachyotis is uncertain, as recent studies indicated that it may actually be a complex of species (Campbell et al. 2004). Corbet and Hill *To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Tel: 60-9-7717087. Fax: 60-9-7717232. E-mail:jayaraj_vijayakumaran@yahoo.com 259
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