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214 Lin et al. – New Scleractinian Coral From Taiwan than 400 m (Cairns 1999), the vast majority of Polycyathus representatives are reported from the Pacific Ocean (Fig. 1), of which 5 are known to occur in southern Pacific waters (P. verrilli Duncan 1876, P. octuplus Cairns 1999, P. fulvus Wijsman- Best 1970, P. norfolkensis Cairns 1995, and P. andamanensis Alcock 1893). In the northwestern Pacific, 3 Polycyathus species are described from the Philippines, in waters deeper than 35 m (Verheij and Best 1987). Among them, P. hodgsoni Verheij & Best 1978 and P. marigondoni Verheij & Best 1978 have the lowest and highest number of septal cycles (3 and 5, respectively) compared to their congeners. In the present study, a new species of Polycyathus is described. This new species inhabits a shallow-water area of Chaishan, an uplifted reef developed about 0.6 Mya (Fig. 2). Chaishan is about 6 km long and is home to about 15.62% of coastal habitats of Kaohsiung City, southwestern Taiwan (CPAMI 2008). The beach at Chaishan is composed of scattered hard substrates of carbonaceous rocks of various sizes which originated from nearby coastal hills. The water column contains a high concentration of particles which increases the turbidity of the water and might be one of the contributing factors to the low number of scleractinian corals reported in this area. Nonetheless, the new species of Polycyathus described herein appears to be endemic to this small Taiwanese region, as so far, it has not been found anywhere else in Taiwan. Mitochondrial (mt) 16S ribosomal (r)RNA gene sequences were amplified and aligned with previously published sequences from 8 representatives of morphologically related caryophylliid genera (including P. muellerae Abel 1959) and 13 representatives of noncaryophylliid families to investigate the validity of this genus. Following Kitahara et al. (2010a b), the phylogenetic analysis did not indicate that the Caryophylliidae is a monophyletic family, and also raises concerns about the validity of Polycyathus, which is one of the less-understood scleractinian genera. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens examined in the present study were collected by snorkeling in 2000, 2005, and 2008 from a tidal pool (< 3 m in depth) at Chaishan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (22°38'18"N; 120°15'19"E) (Fig. 2). Colonies were photographed in situ using an Olympus SP350 camera (Center Valley, PA, USA) with an underwater housing. Collected specimens were bleached to remove soft tissues, rinsed with fresh water, thoroughly dried, and photographed using a Nikon D200 (Tokyo, Japan) camera. Morphological observations were carried out using an Olympus SZ-ST stereomicroscope equipped with an ocular graticule. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on a FEI Quanta 200/Quorum PP2000TR FEI, 2007 (Hillsboro, OR, N 30°N PACIFIC OCEAN 0° PACIFIC OCEAN 30°S 0 - 10 m 11 - 50 m 51 - 100 m > 100 m ATLANTIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN 150°W 90°W °W 0°E 60°E 120°E Fig. 1. Worldwide distribution and depths of Polycyathus spp.
<strong>Zoological</strong> <strong>Studies</strong> 51(2): 213-221 (2012) 215 N (A) (B) Kaohsiung City TAIWAN 24°N 22°N Chai-shan 120°E 122°E (C) (D) (E) (F) Taiwan Strait Fig. 2. Map of sampling localities of Polycyathus chaishanensis sp. nov. (A) Landscape of an uplifted coral reef; (B) patches of limestone dominated by Ulva sp., chiton, and barnacles; (C) ancient coral; (D) Anthopleura sp.; (E) Psammocora sp.; (F) Porites okinawanensis. (A) (B) (C) (D) 1 cm 2 mm Fig. 3. Polycyathus chaishanensis sp. nov. (A) Caulerpa racemosa and calcified red algae; (B) a specimen with brown tissues indicating the presence of zooxanthellae; (C) colony view of the holotype (NMNS-6309-001) consisting of 73 corallites in different stages of development; (D) calicular view (SEM) of 1 corallite of the holotypic colony (NMNS-6309-001).
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ISSN: 1021-5506 Zoological Studies
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II. Title Page The title page shoul
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Indexed/Abstracted in: Biological A
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