Paul Grice and the philosophy of language

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556 STEPHEN NEALE implicated are separated can what is conversationally implicated be defined in the manner examined earlier. So for Grice, an analysis of saying really does take on some urgency, and it is unfortunate that he does not get any closer to one than he does in producing (V) above. However, it may well be that Grice has brought us as far as we can go without crossing our own paths. Recall that Grice wants what is said to comprise the truthconditional content of what is conventionally meant by someone making an indicative utterance; but he cannot make a direct appeal to truth conditions for fear of undermining one part of his project. There may be no simple way out of this. At the same time, it should be stressed that only one part of Grice's project is threatened: the possibility of providing a definition of saying in terms of utterance-type meaning and what is meant. No appeal to truth-conditional content is needed in analyses of utterer's meaning or utterance-type meaning, and to that extent Grice has certainly illuminated these important notions. In so doing, he has also alerted us to a host of important distinctions that philosophers, linguists, cognitive scientists, and literary theorists ignore at their peril. The work of Grice's that has found its way into Studies constitutes a major contribution to philosophy and linguistics; as such its appearance will help to ensure that Grice is remembered as one of the most gifted and respected philosophers of the second half of the twentieth century. He set impossibly high standards for himself and others. Although he produced dozens of first-rate papers, he was always reluctant to go into print - by all accounts heroic efforts were required by editors and friends to extract from him the handful of papers that he deemed worthy of publication. The William James Lectures trickled into print in diverse places between 1968 and 1978 and consequently important connections between the Theory of Conversation and the Theory of Meaning have tended to be missed, ignored, or downplayed. Having the lectures together (and complete) in Studies will (hopefully) encourage people to pay more attention to these connections, some of which seem to be vitally important for understanding Grice's philosophy of language, and for making progress in philosophy and linguistics more generally. No one with a serious interest in language should be without a copy of this book. REFERENCES Adams, E.: 1992, 'Grice on Indicative Conditionals', to appear in Pacific Philosophical Quarterly. Armstrong, D.: 1971, "Meaning and Communication', Philosophical Review 80, 427-447. Avramides, A.: 1989, Meaning and Mind, Cambridge: MIT Press.
PAUL GRICE AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE 557 Bach, K.: 1987, 'On Communicative Intentions: A Reply to R6canati', Mind and Language 2, 141-154. Bach, K. and M. Harnish: 1979, Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. Barwise, J. and R. Cooper: 1981, 'Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language', Linguistics and Philosophy 4, 159-219. Bennett, J.: 1976, Linguistic Behavior, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Blackburn, S.: 1984, Spreading the Word: Groundings in the Philosophy of Language, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Carston, R.: 1988, 'Implicature, Explicature, and Truth-theoretic Semantics', in R. Kempson (ed.), Mental Representations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 155-181. Chomsky, N.: 1965, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, MIT Press, Cambridge. Cohen, J.: 1971, 'Some Remarks on Grice's Views about the Logical Particles of Natural Language', in Y. Bar-Hillel (ed.), Pragmatics of Natural Language, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 50-68. Donnellan, K.: 1966, 'Reference and Definite Descriptions', Philosophical Review 77, 281- 304. Gazdar, G.: 1979, Pragmatics: Presupposition, Implicature, and Logical Form, Academic Press, New York. Grandy, R.: 1989, 'On Grice on Language', Journal of Philosophy 86, 514-525. Grice, P.: 1941, 'Personal Identity', Mind 50, 330-350; reprinted in J. Perry (ed.), Personal Identity, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975, pp. 73-95. Grice, P.: 1957, 'Meaning', Philosophical Review 66, 377-388. Grice, P.: 1961, 'The Causal Theory of Perception', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 35(suppl.), 121-52. Griee, P.: 1968, 'Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning and Word Meaning', Foundations of Language 4, 225-242. Grice, P.: 1969, 'Vacuous Names', in D. Davidson and J. Hintikka (eds.), Words and Objections, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 118-145. Grice, P. : 1969a, 'Utterer's Meaning and Intentions', Philosophical Review 78, 147-177. Grice, P. : 1970, 'Lectures on Logic and Reality', University of Illinois at Urbana. Grice, P.: 1971, 'Intention and Uncertainty', Proceedings of the British Academy, pp. 263- 279. Grice, P.: 1975, 'Method in Philosophical Psychology: From the Banal to the Bizarre', Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (1975), pp. 23-53. Grice, P.: 1975a, 'Logic and Conversation', in P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds.), Syntax and Semantics, vol. 3: Speech Acts, Academic Press, New York, pp. 41-58. Grice, P.: 1978, 'Further Notes on Logic and Conversation', in P. Cole (ed.), Syntax and Semantics, vol. 9: Pragmatics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 113-128. Grice, P.: 1981, 'Presupposition and Conversational Implieature', in P. Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatics, Academic Press, New York, pp. 183-198. Grice, P.: 1986, 'Reply to Richards', in R. Grandy and R. Warner (eds.), Philosophical Grounds of Rationality, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Grice, P.: 1991, The Carus Lectures, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Harman, G.: 1974, 'Review of Meaning by S. Schiffer', Journal of Philosophy 70, 7. Harnish, M.: 1976, 'Logical Form and Implicature', in T. Bever et al. (eds.), An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Ability, Crowell, Nev' York, pp. 313-391. Hugly, P. and C. Sayward: 1979, 'A Problem About Conversational Implicature', Linguistics and Philosophy 3, 19-25. Jackson, F.: 1988, Conditionals, Blackwell, Oxford, Keenan, E.: 1976~ 'The Universality of Conversational Implicature', Language in Society 5, 67-80.
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