title of the thesis - Department of Geology - Queen's University

List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Color relief map of the Himalaya, Tibet, and surrounding area. .................................... 2
Figure 1.2 Geology of the Himalaya and NW Nepal / SW Tibet. ................................................... 3
Figure 1.3 Extensional and compressional structures in the Himalaya, Tibet, and NW Nepal / SW
Tibet ................................................................................................................................................. 6
Figure 2.1 Geology of the Himalaya and NW Nepal / SW Tibet. ................................................. 15
Figure 2.2 Extensional and compressional structures in the Himalaya, Tibet, and NW Nepal / SW
Tibet ............................................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 2.3 Lithotectonic map of the upper Karnali valley ............................................................. 22
Figure 2.4 Structures and rocks of the Tethyan Sedimentary sequence......................................... 24
Figure 2.5 Structures and rocks of the ultra-high-strain zone ........................................................ 26
Figure 2.6 Structures and rocks of the high-strain pelitic Greater Himalayan sequence ............... 29
Figure 2.7 Structures and rocks of the gneissic and migmatitic Greater Himalayan sequence. .... 31
Figure 2.8 Brittle structures of the upper Karnali valley ............................................................... 34
Figure 2.9 Summary of EBSD data processing ............................................................................. 37
Figure 2.10 Summary of quartz CPO fabrics ................................................................................. 39
Figure 2.11 Samples analyzed for quartz CPOs. ........................................................................... 40
Figure 2.12 Quartz CPO fabrics. .................................................................................................... 41
Figure 2.13 C-axis fabric opening angles versus deformation temperature plot. .......................... 46
Figure 2.14 Vorticity sample and analysis ..................................................................................... 49
Figure 2.15 Summary of microstructural results ........................................................................... 51
Figure 2.16 Monazite images and elemental maps ........................................................................ 56
Figure 2.17 U-Th-Pb concordia and probability diagrams. ........................................................... 60
Figure 2.18 Muscovite 40Ar/39Ar step-heating plateaus. ............................................................. 75
Figure 2.19 Plots of muscovite cooling ages versus distance from shear zone. ............................ 80
Figure 2.20 Summary of CPO, vorticity, thermochronology and geochronology analyses .......... 82
Figure 2.21 Transition from south-directed extrusion to orogen-parallel extension, upper Karnali
valley. ............................................................................................................................................. 89
Figure 2.22 Orogen-wide transition from south-directed extrusion to orogen-parallel extension . 92
Figure 2.23 Numerical model of Himalyan-Tibetan lower crustal flow ........................................ 96
Figure 3.1 Numerical model of Himalayan lower crustal flow ................................................... 100
Figure 4.1 Summary of quartz CPO fabrics ................................................................................. 108
Figure 4.2 Progressive development of quartz CPO fabrics ........................................................ 110
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