title of the thesis - Department of Geology - Queen's University

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$Fayek & Kyser 2000 uraninite fractionations.pdf - Queen's University$

Figure 2.1 Simplified geologic and structural map, and cross-section of (a) the Himalaya, modified after Yin (2006) and Hintersberger et al. (2010), and (b) and (c), the upper Karnali valley and surrounding regions, modified after Murphy and Copeland (2005), Robinson et al. (2006) and Yakymchuk and Godin (2012). Abbreviations: AD - Ama Drime Massif, CG – Chuwa granite, GM - Gurla Mandhata gneiss dome, GMH – Gurla Mandhata-Humla fault, IYSZ - Indus-Yalu suture zone, KF - Karakorum fault, KJO - Kiogar-Jungbwa ophiolitic and mantletype rocks, LP - Leo Pargil gneiss dome, MBT - Main Boundary thrust, MCT - Main Central thrust, MFT - Main Frontal thrust, STDS - South Tibetan detachment system, TG - Thakkhola graben. 15
The second phase of middle Miocene evolution is characterized by the onset of orogenparallel extension throughout the Tibetan plateau and Himalayan arc (Allègre et al., 1984; Mercier et al., 1987; Styron et al., 2011). With the exception of the enigmatic Karakoram fault (Zhang et al., 2010), structures related to orogen-parallel extension initiated between ~ 16 -11 Ma (Fig. 2.2; see Fig. 2 from Styron et al., 2011 for a comprehensive age review). To date, there is little consensus on the mechanisms that initiated and continue to drive this extension. In this study we investigate the transition between the cessation of south-directed extrusion of the GHS and onset of orogen-parallel extension. This is accomplished by integrating geological, structural, microstructural, and chronological data from the upper Karnali valley of northwest Nepal (Figs. 2.1, 2.2). Within this valley, a northwest-striking, strike-slip dominated shear zone, the Gurla Mandhata-Humla fault system (GMH), crops out along a segment of GHS- TSS interface, and cuts obliquely across the GHS (Figs. 2.1, 2.2; Murphy and Copeland, 2005). This provides an opportune geologic context to investigate the relationship between southdirected extrusion of the GHS and ESE-WNW deformation associated with orogen-parallel extension. To date, this transition has only been constrained in the Everest region of the Himalaya (Jessup and Cottle, 2010). Based on our results from the upper Karnali valley, and the integration of our results with other similar transitions across the Himalaya, we attempt to reconcile the following questions: (1) What are the relationships between the structures, kinematics, temperatures, and timing of deformation associated with south-directed extrusion of the GHS and orogenparallel extension (2) What do these data imply for the tectonic processes governing the onset of orogenparallel extension 16
Page 1 and 2: FROM CESSATION OF SOUTH-DIRECTED MI
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Field mapping and, structu
Page 5 and 6: Co-Authorship This thesis is my own
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Abstract ........
Page 9 and 10: 4.1 Introduction ..................
Page 11 and 12: Figure 4.3 Microscale CPO variabili
Page 13 and 14: Abbreviations Mineral Biotite Calci
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1.1 Color relief map of the
Page 17 and 18: 1.2 Evolution of the Himalayan-Tibe
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.3 Structures in the Himala
Page 21 and 22: the various models. However, this a
Page 23 and 24: of shear (Murphy and Copeland, 2005
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 4 outlines proposed future
Page 27: indicated by symmetric high-tempera
Page 31 and 32: 2.3 Geologic Setting 2.3.1 Himalaya
Page 33 and 34: 2.4 Geology of the upper Karnali Va
Page 36 and 37: Figure 2.3 Lithotectonic map and si
Page 38 and 39: the main shear zone fabric. The lit
Page 40 and 41: South of the interface, the TSS is
Page 42 and 43: WNW Figure 2.6 Representative struc
Page 44 and 45: Figure 2.7 Representative structure
Page 46 and 47: distribution of dextral and sinistr
Page 48 and 49: al., 1986; Mainprice et al., 1986).
Page 50 and 51: Figure 2.9 Summary of CPO post-acqu
Page 52: a c a c Figure 2.10 Summary of quar
Page 56 and 57: Sample HK131A is a high-strain quar
Page 58 and 59: constriction, where rhomb slip domi
Page 60 and 61: ± 50°C (Law et al., 2004). Furthe
Page 62 and 63: Figure 2.14 (a) Photomicrograph of
Page 64 and 65: Figure 2.15 Summary of lithotectoni
Page 66 and 67: elationships, these data constrain
Page 68 and 69: primary reference material, “4409
Page 70 and 71: Figure 2.16 - continued. 57
Page 72: monazite grains are aligned paralle
Page 75 and 76: Analysis Position Pb U Th Th/U 207
Page 77 and 78: Analysis Position Pb U Th Th/U 207
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Analysis Position HK117A Pb U Th Th
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Analysis Position Pb U Th Th/U 207
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are derived from intensely deformed
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Samples KH10, HK102a, HK105, HK115,
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the intralaboratory standard (MAC-8
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Figure 2.18 - continued. 76
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espectively. Note that the plateaus
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Figure 2.19 Plots of muscovite cool
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Figure 2.20 Summary of results from
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(2) Previously published chronologi
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Figs. 2.7b,d, 2.15) is locally over
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Thermochronology of muscovite grain
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Figure 2.21 - continued - Box (3) r
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92 Figure 2.22 (a) Location of stud
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is little data to support both afor
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Figure 2.23 Numerical model of modi
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The second phase is associated with
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yr Figure 3.1 Numerical model of Co
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phenomena are consistent with ongoi
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towards the topographic front of th
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Chapter 4 Microstructural analyses:
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a c a c Figure 4.1 Summary of quart
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Figure 4.2 Results of study by Toy
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factors on the formation of differe
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1987; Simpson and De Paor, 1993, 19
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2009). Furthermore, there is rising
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Figure 4.5 Simplified set up of ana
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Appendix A Station locations and st
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Station Latitude Longitude Elevatio
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Station Latitude Longitude KH019 KH
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HK 140 - Non-processed EBSD data 12
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HK 131A - U-Stage data 128
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HK 131A - Non-processed EBSD data 1
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HK 139D - Non-processed EBSD data 1
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HK 105A - U-Stage data 134
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HK 105A - Processed EBSD data (e.g.
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HK 125 - Processed EBSD data (e.g.
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HK 124B2 - Processed EBSD data (e.g
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KH18a - Monazite 1 150
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HK109 - Thin section * For HK109_mo
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U Th 4 3 2 1 5 10 9 11 7 8 6 Nd Y 1
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HK109 - Monazite 3 170
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U SL CP 172
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U Th SL 174
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U Nd CP 178
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U Nd Th 180
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Y Nd U Th 184
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U Th SL 186
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CP Nd 2 3 4 6 5 1 Y P 190
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U Th SL 192
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CP Nd Y P 196
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U Th SL 198
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HK117a - Thin section 200
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9 8 7 10 6 5 4 3 2 1 206
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7 6 8 9 13 14 15 4 5 1 2 3 10 11 12
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210
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5 4 9 6 7 8 3 2 1 10 212
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Holdsworth, R.E., McCaffrey, K.J.W.
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Cottle, J. M., Jessup, M. J., Newel
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Ghosh, S.K., and Ramberg, H. 1976.
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Hodges, K.V., and Silverberg, D.S.
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Kohn, M.J. 2008. P-T-t data from ce
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Means, W. D., Hobbs, B. E., Lister,
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Prior, D.J. 2009. EBSD in the earth
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Caledonides. In, S. Sengupta (Ed.),
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Yakymchuck, C., 2010. Tectonometamo
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