title of the thesis - Department of Geology - Queen's University

Figure 2.2 Structures in the Himalaya and Tibet associated with orogen-parallel extension
and north-south contraction. (a) Active structures in the Himalaya, modified after Styron et
al. (2011) and references therein. Red lines represent faults associated, at least in part, with
orogen-parallel extension. The Main Frontal Thrust (black) is associated with ongoing N-S
contraction. Numbers in grey, and italics, refer to initiation ages of structures, and sources,
respectively. (B) and (c) Simplified structural map and cross-section of the upper Karnali
and surrounding regions, constructed from SRTM DEM data sheets 53_06, 53_07, and
modified after Murphy and Copeland (2005), Robinson et al. (2006) and Yakymchuk and
Godin (2012). Structures in black and red are associated with south-directed extrusion of the
GHS, and orogen-parallel extension, respectively. Abbreviations and sources: GMH – Gurla
Mandhata-Humla fault, ITSZ – Indus-Tsangpo suture zone, KC – Kung Co rift,LK – Lopukangri rift, MCT - Main Central thrust, STDS - South Tibetan
detachment system, TG – Thakkhola graben, TY – Tangra-Yumco rift, 1 – Phillips et al. (2004), 2 – Thiede et al. (2006), 3 – Murphy et al. (2002), 4 – Murphy
and Copeland (2005), 5 – Garzione et al. (2003), 6 – Murphy et al. (2010), 7 – Kali et al. (2010), 8 – Lee et al. (2011), 9 - Williams et al. (2001), 10 – Dewane et
al. (2006).
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