title of the thesis - Department of Geology - Queen's University

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$Fayek & Kyser 2000 uraninite fractionations.pdf - Queen's University$

Acknowledgements It is with utmost pleasure that I am able to acknowledge those that have made the past years a success, both academically and personally. Firstly, I must thank Dr. Laurent Godin for the opportunity to work in the Himalaya and for guidance in the initial stages of my geologic career. His constant enthusiasm and support over the past years are sincerely appreciated. Borja Antolín is thanked for an exciting 2011 field season, numerous scientific discussions, and a thorough review of Chapter 2. I must acknowledge the work of John Cottle at the University of California, Santa Barbara, with whom I collaborated to perform the U-Th-Pb geochronology, and Doug Archibald, who guided the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar thermochronology. I would also like to thank the following people for their scientific and analytical assistance: Brian Joy for guidance with electron microprobe analyses, Dan Gibson (Simon Fraser University) for his assistance with the presentation of geochronology results, Al Grant for assistance on the scanning electron microscope, Ashley K. Rudy for her master GIS assistance, and Martin Wong (Colgate University) for assistance and accommodation during electron backscatter diffraction analyses. Gratitude is also expressed towards my examining committee of Drs. Herb Helmstaedt and John Dixon for their constructive reviews of this thesis. Fieldwork was made exciting and possible by Dawa Tamang, the infamous Birval and too many other porters to name. I am beyond grateful for my family, and the friends I have made at Queen's University and throughout Kingston. Our experiences together have made the last two years much more than an academic success. This thesis was funded by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) discovery grant to L. Godin, a NSERC MSc. Canadian Graduate Scholarship, an Ontario Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology, and a Geological Society of America Student Research Grant awarded to C. Nagy. vi
Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Co-Authorship ................................................................................................................................ v Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. xiii Chapter 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen ......................................................................... 4 1.3 Transition from south-directed extrusion of the mid-crust to onset of orogen-parallel extension ...................................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 This study ............................................................................................................................... 9 1.4.1 Geology of northwestern Nepal and the upper Karnali valley ........................................ 9 1.4.2 Purpose of this study ..................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2 From cessation of south-directed mid-crust extrusion to onset of orogen-parallel extension, NW Nepal Himalaya .................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 13 2.2 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 14 2.3 Geologic Setting................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.1 Himalayan Overview .................................................................................................... 18 2.3.1.1 South-directed extrusion of the GHS ..................................................................... 18 2.3.1.2 Orogen-parallel extension ...................................................................................... 19 2.4 Geology of the upper Karnali Valley ................................................................................... 20 2.4.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 20 2.4.2 This study ...................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.2.1 Domain I – Folded TSS ......................................................................................... 23 2.4.2.2 Domain II – Transposed TSS ................................................................................. 23 2.4.2.3 Domain III – Ultra-high-strain zone ...................................................................... 25 2.4.2.4 Domain IV – High-strain quartzite and pelitic GHS .............................................. 28 2.4.2.5 Domain V – High-strain gneissic GHS .................................................................. 30 2.4.2.6 Domain VI – Migmatitic GHS ............................................................................... 33 2.5 Microstructural analyses ...................................................................................................... 35 2.5.1 Crystallographic preferred orientation of quartz ........................................................... 35 2.5.1.1 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 36 vii
Page 1 and 2: FROM CESSATION OF SOUTH-DIRECTED MI
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Field mapping and, structu
Page 5: Co-Authorship This thesis is my own
Page 9 and 10: 4.1 Introduction ..................
Page 11 and 12: Figure 4.3 Microscale CPO variabili
Page 13 and 14: Abbreviations Mineral Biotite Calci
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1.1 Color relief map of the
Page 17 and 18: 1.2 Evolution of the Himalayan-Tibe
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.3 Structures in the Himala
Page 21 and 22: the various models. However, this a
Page 23 and 24: of shear (Murphy and Copeland, 2005
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 4 outlines proposed future
Page 27 and 28: indicated by symmetric high-tempera
Page 29 and 30: The second phase of middle Miocene
Page 31 and 32: 2.3 Geologic Setting 2.3.1 Himalaya
Page 33 and 34: 2.4 Geology of the upper Karnali Va
Page 36 and 37: Figure 2.3 Lithotectonic map and si
Page 38 and 39: the main shear zone fabric. The lit
Page 40 and 41: South of the interface, the TSS is
Page 42 and 43: WNW Figure 2.6 Representative struc
Page 44 and 45: Figure 2.7 Representative structure
Page 46 and 47: distribution of dextral and sinistr
Page 48 and 49: al., 1986; Mainprice et al., 1986).
Page 50 and 51: Figure 2.9 Summary of CPO post-acqu
Page 52: a c a c Figure 2.10 Summary of quar
Page 56 and 57:
Sample HK131A is a high-strain quar
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constriction, where rhomb slip domi
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± 50°C (Law et al., 2004). Furthe
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Figure 2.14 (a) Photomicrograph of
Page 64 and 65:
Figure 2.15 Summary of lithotectoni
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elationships, these data constrain
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primary reference material, “4409
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Figure 2.16 - continued. 57
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monazite grains are aligned paralle
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Analysis Position Pb U Th Th/U 207
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Analysis Position HK117A Pb U Th Th
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are derived from intensely deformed
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Samples KH10, HK102a, HK105, HK115,
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the intralaboratory standard (MAC-8
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Figure 2.18 - continued. 76
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espectively. Note that the plateaus
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Figure 2.19 Plots of muscovite cool
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Figure 2.20 Summary of results from
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(2) Previously published chronologi
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Figs. 2.7b,d, 2.15) is locally over
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Thermochronology of muscovite grain
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Figure 2.21 - continued - Box (3) r
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92 Figure 2.22 (a) Location of stud
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is little data to support both afor
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Figure 2.23 Numerical model of modi
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The second phase is associated with
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yr Figure 3.1 Numerical model of Co
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phenomena are consistent with ongoi
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towards the topographic front of th
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Chapter 4 Microstructural analyses:
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a c a c Figure 4.1 Summary of quart
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Figure 4.2 Results of study by Toy
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factors on the formation of differe
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1987; Simpson and De Paor, 1993, 19
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2009). Furthermore, there is rising
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 4.5 Simplified set up of ana
Page 133 and 134:
Appendix A Station locations and st
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Station Latitude Longitude Elevatio
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Station Latitude Longitude KH019 KH
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HK 140 - Non-processed EBSD data 12
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HK 131A - U-Stage data 128
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HK 131A - Non-processed EBSD data 1
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HK 139D - Non-processed EBSD data 1
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HK 105A - U-Stage data 134
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HK 105A - Processed EBSD data (e.g.
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HK 125 - Processed EBSD data (e.g.
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Page 159 and 160:
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HK 124B2 - Processed EBSD data (e.g
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KH18a - Monazite 1 150
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HK109 - Thin section * For HK109_mo
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U Th 4 3 2 1 5 10 9 11 7 8 6 Nd Y 1
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HK109 - Monazite 3 170
Page 185 and 186:
U SL CP 172
Page 187 and 188:
U Th SL 174
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Page 191 and 192:
U Nd CP 178
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U Nd Th 180
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Y Nd U Th 184
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U Th SL 186
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CP Nd 2 3 4 6 5 1 Y P 190
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U Th SL 192
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CP Nd Y P 196
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U Th SL 198
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HK117a - Thin section 200
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11 12 10 8 9 13 14 15 7 6 4 2 5 3 1
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4 1 5 9 10 2 11 6 16 3 7 17 14 8 18
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9 8 7 10 6 5 4 3 2 1 206
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7 6 8 9 13 14 15 4 5 1 2 3 10 11 12
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210
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5 4 9 6 7 8 3 2 1 10 212
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2 3 4 1 6 7 8 9 10 5 214
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216
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6 5 12 11 10 9 8 7 1 2 3 4 218
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Holdsworth, R.E., McCaffrey, K.J.W.
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Cottle, J. M., Jessup, M. J., Newel
Page 281 and 282:
Ghosh, S.K., and Ramberg, H. 1976.
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Hodges, K.V., and Silverberg, D.S.
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Kohn, M.J. 2008. P-T-t data from ce
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Means, W. D., Hobbs, B. E., Lister,
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Prior, D.J. 2009. EBSD in the earth
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Caledonides. In, S. Sengupta (Ed.),
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Yakymchuck, C., 2010. Tectonometamo
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