The_Holokaust_-_origins,_implementation,_aftermath

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STEP BY STEP: EXPANSION OF MURDER 1939 – 1941 Heyde, Bohne, und Hefelmann, Ks 2/63 (GStA), Js 17/59 (GStA), 22 May 1962 182–3. Evidence does support the earlier date; thus the KdF called its first planning session for adult euthanasia before the start of the war. U.S. Military Tribunal, Case 1 Transcript, 7565 (testimony Viktor Brack). We can therefore assume that Hitler met with Conti no later than July 1939, and that he gave the final assignment to Brandt and Bouhler no later than August. 19. GStA Frankfurt, Anklage Vorberg und Allers, Js 20/61 (GStA), 15 Feb. 1966, 22–4; GStA Frankfurt, Anklage Heyde, Bohne, und Hefelmann, Ks 2/63 (GStA), Js 17/59 (GStA), 22 May 1962, 188–97; Landgericht (LG) Dresden, Urteil Hermann Paul Nitsche, 1 Ks 58/47, 7 July 1947, 3; StA München I, Verfahren Pfannmüller, 1 Ks 10/49 (1b Js 1791/ 47): Protokoll der öffentlichen Sitzung des Schwurgerichts beim LG München I, 19 Oct. 1949, 8. For the first directive, see GStA Frankfurt, Sammlung Euthanasie: RMdI decree of 21 Sept. 1939: “Erfassung der Heil- und Pflegeanstalten.” 20. See Karl Binding and Alfred Hoche, Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens: Ihr Maß und Ihre Form (Leipzig, 1920). 21. On Brandenburg, see GStA Frankfurt, Anklage Ullrich, Bunke, Borm, und Endruweit, Js 15/61 (GStA), 15 Jan. 1965, 175–7. On Grafeneck, see Staatsarchiv Sigmaringen, Wü 29/ 3, Acc. 33/1973, Nr. 1752: StA Tübingen, Anklage Mauthe, 1 Js 85–7/47, 4 Jan. 1949; GStA Frankfurt, Anklage Schumann, Js 18/67 (GStA), 12 Dec. 1969, 78–81. On Hartheim, see Archiv Museum Mauthausen, B/15/2: Auszug aus der Gemeindechronik Alkoven; Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstandes (DÖW) file 14900: StA Linz, Anklage Anna Griessenberger, 3 St 466/46, 28 July 1947; DÖW, file E18370/3: Kriminalpolizei Linz, interrogation Vinzenz Nohel, 4 Sept. 1945. On Bernburg, see GStA Frankfurt, Anklage Kaufmann, 16/63 (GStA), 27 June 1966, 29; GStA Frankfurt, Anklage Ullrich, Bunke, Borm, und Endruweit, Js 15/61 (GStA), 15 Jan. 1965, 186, 188–9, 205– 6. On Sonnenstein, see GStA Frankfurt, Anklage Schumann, Js 18/67 (GStA), 12 Dec. 1969, 84–6; GStA Frankfurt, Anklage Ullrich, Bunke, Borm, und Endruweit Js 15/61 (GStA), 15 Jan. 1965, 211. On Hadamar, see Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden (HHStA), 461/32061/7: LG Frankfurt, Verfahren Wahlmann Gorgaß, Huber, 4a KLs 7/ 47 (4a Js 3/46); andVerlegt nach Hadamar: Die Geschichte einer NS-“Euthanasie”- Anstalt, ed. Bettina Winter and others (Kassel, 1991). 22. For the Brandenburg trial run, see National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), RG 238: interrogation Karl Brandt, 1 Oct. 1945 p.m., 13; U.S. Military Tribunal, Case 1 Transcript, 7645 (testimony Viktor Brack); StA Stuttgart, Verfahren Widmann, Ks 19/62 (19 Js 328/60): interrogation August Becker, 4 Apr. 1960; LG Dresden, Urteil Nitsche, 1 Ks 58/47, 7 July 1947, 3; GStA Frankfurt, Anklage Heyde, Bohne, und Hefelmann Ks 2/ 63 (GStA), Js 17/59 (GStA), 22 May 1962, 290–3 (interrogation Werner Heyde), 293– 98 (interrogation August Becker); StA Stuttgart, Anklage Widmann und Becker, (19) 13 Js 328/60, 29 Aug. 1962, 39–41. 23. U.S. Military Tribunal, Case 1 Transcript, 2530–1 (testimony Karl Brandt), 7629 (testimony Viktor Brack). 24. See NARA, Microfilm Publ. T-1021, roll 18, “Hartheim Statistics.” Richard Boylan and this author rediscovered the original volume of the “Hartheim Statistics” at Suitland in 73
HENRY FRIEDLANDER the middle 1980s. The volume (in color) is located in NARA Suitland, RG 338, USAREUR 1942, War Crimes Branch, Cases Not Tried, File Lot 600–12–463, but is currently on exhibit at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 25. See StA Hamburg, Anklage Lensch und Struve, 147 Js 58/67, 24 Apr. 1973. 26. See Helmut Krausnick and Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm, Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges: Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, 1938– 1942 (Stuttgart, 1981). 27. See Adalbert Rückerl, NS-Vernichtungslager im Spiegel deutscher Strafprozesse (Munich, 1977). 28. On deportations, see Sybil Milton, “Gypsies and the Holocaust,” The History Teacher 24, no. 4 (Aug. 1991): 375–87. On ghettos, see The Chronicles of the Lodz Ghetto, 1941– 1944, ed. Lucjan Dobroszycki (New Haven, 1984), 82, 85, 96, 101, and 107; and The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow: Prelude to Doom, ed. Raul Hilberg, Stanislaw Staron, Josef Kermisz (New York, 1979), 346–7, 351, 364–8, and 375. On Einsatzgruppen, see Ronald Headland, Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941–1943 (London, Toronto, and Teaneck, N. J., 1992), 53–4, 63–4. 71, 114, 142, 157, 169. On killing centers, see Rückerl, NS- Vernichtungslager, 197; and appropriate entries in Danuta Czech, Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939–1945 (Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1989). 29. But even an economic decision to kill would have been based on ideological assumptions. 30. U.S. Military Tribunal, Case 1 Transcript, 2369, 2402 (testimony Karl Brandt). The language of this authorization was prepared for the KdF by a committee that included leading psychiatrists. GStA Frankfurt, Anklage Heyde, Bohne und Hefelmann, Ks 2/63 (GStA), Js 17/59 (GStA), 22 May 1962, 201ff. 31. Nuremberg Doc. PS-630. Also available in BAK. R22/4209. 32. See for example, Gerald Fleming, Hitler und die Endlösung (Wiesbaden and Munich, 1982). 33. Nuremberg Doc. PS-710. 34. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (rev. ed., New York, 1985), 401. 35. BAK, NS neu 19/180: Bormann to Himmler, 3 Dec. 1942. The handwritten notation reads: “Führer. Aufstellung. Wer sind Zigeuner.” 36. See StA Hamburg, Verfahren Kellermann, 2200 Js 2/84: RSHA Schnellbrief, 29 Jan. 1943. 37. For a detailed refutation of restitution decisions excluding Gypsies as racial victims, see Franz Calvelli-Adorno, “Die rassische Verfolgung der Zigeuner vor dem 1. März 1943,” Rechtssprechung zum Widergutmachungsrecht 12, no. 12 (Dec. 1961): 529–37. 38. Yehuda Bauer, “Jews, Gypsies, Slays: Policies of the Third Reich,” in UNESCO Yearbook on Peace and Conflict Studies 1985 (Paris, 1987), 73–100; idem, “Gypsies,” in Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York and London, 1990), 2:634–8; idem, “Holocaust and Genocide: Some Comparisons,” in Lessons and Legacies: The Meaning of the Holocaust in a Changing World, ed. Peter Hayes (Evanston, 1991), 42. See also exchange of letters between Bauer and Sybil Milton, in “Correspondence,” The History Teacher 25, no. 4 (Aug. 1992): 515–21. 74
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THE HOLOCAUST The Holocaust: Origin
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THE HOLOCAUST Origins, Implementati
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CONTENTS Series editor’s preface
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SERIES EDITOR’S PREFACE Rewriting
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All articles and e
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INTRODUCTION Omer Bartov In the las
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INTRODUCTION consequently been faul
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INTRODUCTION Thus, for instance, Br
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INTRODUCTION The last three chapter
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INTRODUCTION them were associated.
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INTRODUCTION the phenomenon of what
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INTRODUCTION Reich: Bavaria 1933-19
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INTRODUCTION Taschenbuch Verlag, 19
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INTRODUCTION Monthly Review Press,
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Part I ORIGINS Antisemitism and sci
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Page 41 and 42: RAUL HILBERG determinants with whic
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Page 45 and 46: RAUL HILBERG cholera germ—and, ge
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Page 51 and 52: RAUL HILBERG of persecutions in the
Page 53 and 54: RAUL HILBERG NOTE 1. From 1789 Jews
Page 55 and 56: MICHAEL BURLEIGH and Nazi Germany i
Page 57 and 58: MICHAEL BURLEIGH psychiatrists. 5 P
Page 59 and 60: MICHAEL BURLEIGH ecclesiastical cha
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Page 79 and 80: HENRY FRIEDLANDER the conservation
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HITLER’S DECISION TO EXTERMINATE
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GERMAN SOLDIERS AND THE HOLOCAUST h
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GERMAN SOLDIERS AND THE HOLOCAUST d
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GERMAN SOLDIERS AND THE HOLOCAUST w
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GERMAN SOLDIERS AND THE HOLOCAUST S
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GERMAN SOLDIERS AND THE HOLOCAUST w
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GERMAN SOLDIERS AND THE HOLOCAUST a
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GERMAN SOLDIERS AND THE HOLOCAUST o
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GERMAN SOLDIERS AND THE HOLOCAUST G
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GERMAN SOLDIERS AND THE HOLOCAUST Y
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GERMAN SOLDIERS AND THE HOLOCAUST S
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GERMAN SOLDIERS AND THE HOLOCAUST F
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8 “ONCE AGAIN I’VE GOT TO PLAY
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WAR DIARY OF BLUTORDENSTRÄGER FELI
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PLACES FAR AWAY, PLACES VERY NEAR s
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PLACES FAR AWAY, PLACES VERY NEAR p
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PLACES FAR AWAY, PLACES VERY NEAR s
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PLACES FAR AWAY, PLACES VERY NEAR m
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PLACES FAR AWAY, PLACES VERY NEAR T
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PLACES FAR AWAY, PLACES VERY NEAR m
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PLACES FAR AWAY, PLACES VERY NEAR O
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10 UNDER A CRUEL STAR A life in Pra
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UNDER A CRUEL STAR Three forces car
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UNDER A CRUEL STAR at an even pace,
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UNDER A CRUEL STAR It seems beyond
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UNDER A CRUEL STAR and listened and
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UNDER A CRUEL STAR had thought of n
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UNDER A CRUEL STAR as open as the p
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11 REDEFINING HEROIC BEHAVIOR The i
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REDEFINING HEROIC BEHAVIOR “The d
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REDEFINING HEROIC BEHAVIOR reached
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REDEFINING HEROIC BEHAVIOR be pract
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REDEFINING HEROIC BEHAVIOR out the
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REDEFINING HEROIC BEHAVIOR restore
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REDEFINING HEROIC BEHAVIOR twice in
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REDEFINING HEROIC BEHAVIOR have not
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12 THE GRAY ZONE Primo Levi In this
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THE GRAY ZONE Have we—we who have
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THE GRAY ZONE of primitive peoples:
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THE GRAY ZONE not enough to relegat
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THE GRAY ZONE commit the worst atro
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THE GRAY ZONE many improbable event
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THE GRAY ZONE sense, but something
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THE GRAY ZONE Perhaps it is necessa
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THE GRAY ZONE of “the death of th
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THE GRAY ZONE daily by epidemics, m
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THE GRAY ZONE * * * A story like th
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13 REMEMBERING IN VAIN The Klaus Ba
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REMEMBERING IN VAIN White prisoners
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REMEMBERING IN VAIN countries are g
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REMEMBERING IN VAIN this realizatio
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REMEMBERING IN VAIN might. But this
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REMEMBERING IN VAIN human actions a
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REMEMBERING IN VAIN which minoritie
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REMEMBERING IN VAIN longer a place
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REMEMBERING IN VAIN l’histoire. 6
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REMEMBERING IN VAIN June 18, 1988).
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INDEX Breitman, R. 65 brickyard 225
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INDEX Krieg der deutschen Wehrmacht
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INDEX 134, 222-4, 227, 252, 267-70
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INDEX Rome ghetto 27 Rose, P. 83 Ro
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