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CAPPADOCIA Continued from Page 24 have supported anywhere from a few thousand to 10,000 people plus their livestock and goods. And the underground cities may not have been entirely isolated from one another. Kaymakli and Derinkuyu are less than a dozen kilometers (seven-and-a-half miles) from each other, and there are reports of a tunnel that may connect them. Each underground city includes all of the necessities to support its inhabitants. In some cases each level appears to have been able to function as an independent unit. There are living quarters for both humans and beasts, the barns and animal stalls being generally located near the entrances. There are storage areas, wineries, kitchens, dining rooms, bedrooms, schools, and churches complete with naves, altars, and seating platforms for the congregation. There are also specialty areas, such as a room at Kaymakli containing a huge, round platform of igneous rock, with dozens of depressions carved into the top, which may have been used for melting, refining, and working copper. Air is provided to the cities by ingenious ventilation shafts that open to the surface but are often “camouflaged.” Water was supplied by deep wells tapping into underground aquifers and rivers. The underground cities are entered via narrow passageways; and similar narrow passageways, so tight that it can be difficult to squeeze through, connect different areas and levels. The passages could be blocked, thus protecting the inhabitants inside, with huge round stone “doors” (in the range of one or two meters [3.3 to 6.6 feet] in diameter, a half meter [1.6 feet] thick, and weighing around 500 kilograms [1100 pounds]) that could be easily wheeled into place (or opened again) from the inside but not from the outside. Clearly these underground cities with their narrow passages and protective barriers served as some kind of fortifications or protective refuges, but from what? And why? And when? The standard archaeological answers to these questions are fairly straightforward and make some sense, at least superficially. There is plenty of evidence that various underground cities were occupied during Greek and Roman times and into the early Christian and Byzantine period. In particular Byzantine churches carved into the rocks abound, many dating to the tenth through thirteenth centuries, but this is late in the history of Cappadocia. Most historians concede that underground cities were used earlier, possibly during the period of the Hittite Empire, which controlled the region from about the eighteenth century BC to the twelfth century BC (with so-called Neo-Hittite peoples surviving until about 700 BC). Furthermore, the standard view is that people did not necessarily live underground continuously, but 60 ATLANTIS RISING • Number 95 rather retreated underground when enemies invaded their lands. A question that remains unresolved, if this scenario is true, is how exactly the people underground could survive while their enemies were free to roam the surface, not only on foot but by horseback. The underground cities are dependent on ventilation shafts that open to the surface. Would not an enemy easily figure out how to locate the ventilation shafts, even if initially camouflaged, and block them, resulting in the suffocation of everyone underground? Following this line of logic, speculation abounds that the underground cities were not meant to serve as protection from human invaders, but from some other sort of threat or onslaught. But what? The “classic” explanation of the alternative camp tends to be along the lines that the un- Round stone door in Kaymakli. derground cities formed bunkers or fallout shelters used during an ancient war involving flying machines, aerial bombardment, and possibly nuclear weapons. An enemy flying overhead, or firing missiles from afar, would not be able to locate and effectively target small and camouflaged ventilation openings. By such thinking, the enemy is generally equated with some group of extraterrestrial beings, or perhaps more than one distinct group of extraterrestrials, who battled for control of the region. With this in mind, it may not be a surprise to learn of claims that UFO sightings in Cappadocia span at least the last 5,000 years, including twentyfirst century reports. (Some of these modern claims I consider to be clear hoaxes; one should also keep in mind that hot air balloons are a popular pastime in Cappadocia—I had the Subscribe or Order Books, DVDs and Much More!
Dwellings carved in the rock, Cappadocia (note that these dwellings are distinct from the underground cities). pleasure of flying in one while there). Local legends and gods have been interpreted in the light of UFOs. For instance, warring groups of extraterrestrials have been equated with the struggle between the ancient Iranian/Persian/Zoroastrian god Ahura Mazda (known also as Aramazd or Ohrmazd, or other See Our Great 8-page Catalog Beginning on Page 74 names) and the evil spirit Angra Mainyu. Descriptions of their cosmic war included Ahura Mazda flying through the skies in a bird-like chariot with wings—which sounds suspiciously like extraterrestrials to some. Perhaps they even had advanced nuclear weapons? A more naturalistic explanation of warring “gods” is to interpret them as myths based on incoming space debris. Were the ancient Cappadocians seeking refuge from the surface devastation caused by the impact or midair explosion of a comet, asteroid, or meteor? Did a comet enter our atmosphere and break up into a swarm of rock chunks that pummeled Earth? Such scenarios gained currency with the announcement in 2007 of evidence that a comet exploded over North America 12,900 years ago, near the end of the last ice age, contributing to the extinction of the mammoths and other animals as well as devastating the Paleo-Indian peoples (Richard Firestone and coauthors, article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [PNAS]). But could such a scenario apply to the Cappadocian region? Based on examining the underground cities of Cappadocia, and the volcanic rocks into which they are carved, I am not convinced that they would withstand a direct assault of ancient bombing (either conventional or nuclear weapons) or the hits of meteoritic debris associated with a comet exploding. However, in my assessment, they would provide an ideal shelter from another form of onslaught from the skies—that of a major solar outburst. The accompanying solar flares, coronal mass ejections (discharges from the Sun of ionized particles and associated electrical and magnetic phenomena), and solar proton events (protons Number 95 • ATLANTIS RISING 61 >
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