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Council on Foreign Relations. The Brombergers noted that prior to the Harvard speech, Marshall sent
his assistant H. G. Clayton to confer with Monnet, and that Marshall himself conferred at length with
Monnet at the Paris Peace Conference.22 Laurence Shoup and William Minter, in their study of the CFR
entitled Imperial Brain Trust, reported: "In 1946-1947 lawyer Charles M. Spofford headed a [CFR
study] group, with banker David Rockefeller as secretary, on Reconstruction in Western Europe; in
1947-1948 that body was retitled the Marshall Plan."23 David Rockefeller would later lead the Chase
Manhattan Bank, serve as chairman of the board of the CFR from 1970-1985, launch the Trilateral
Commission in 1973, and do everything he could to further the cause of global "interdependence."
The immediate problem faced by the Marshall Planners was selling the idea to Congress. There was
considerable opposition to the scheme, led principally by Senator Robert Taft of Ohio, former President
Herbert Hoover, and free-market economist and Newsweek commentator Henry Hazlitt. Taft and others
argued that the proposed program would force U.S. taxpayers to subsidize the socialist policies of
European governments — nationalization of industries, central planning, wage and price controls,
excessive taxation, trade restrictions, burdensome regulation, currency devaluation — just the opposite
of what was needed to help Europe recover from the war’s devastation. They argued instead for a
program that would unleash private enterprise to solve Europe’s economic problems.
The Establishment responded by organizing an impressive assemblage of notables to campaign for the
ERP. "The leadership of this group," said Michael J. Hogan, professor of history at Ohio State
University and editor of Diplomatic History, "came largely from academic circles, from the major
American trade unions, and from such business organizations as the Council on Foreign Relations
(CFR), the Business Advisory Council (BAC), the Committee for Economic Development (CED) and
the National Planning Association (NPA)."24
Strong promoters of the "New Deal synthesis," members of these groups "accepted the need for greater
economic planning and for Keynesian strategies of fiscal and monetary management." These four
organizations, said Professor Hogan, "played an important role in shaping and promoting the ERP," and
in disarming the opposition.25 "During the congressional hearings," Hogan wrote in his comprehensive
study entitled The Marshall Plan, "these private leaders joined their government partners in a formidable
defense of the ERP." Hogan explained:
They published briefs on behalf of the program. Their spokesmen testified before the
relevant congressional committees. They served on the President’s Committee on Foreign
Aid, or Harriman Committee, and on the Committee for the Marshall Plan to Aid European
Recovery, a private, nonpartisan organization composed of labor, farm, and business leaders
who worked closely with government officials to mobilize support behind the ERP. The
result was something like a coordinated campaign mounted by an interlocking directorate of
public and private figures. Of the nineteen people on the executive board of the Marshall
Plan Committee, eight were members of the CFR and two of these eight were also members
of the BAC, CED, or NPA. Included in this list were Allen W. Dulles, president of the CFR,
and Philip Reed, chairman of the board of General Electric. Former Secretaries of War
Henry L. Stimson and Robert P. Patterson, along with former Under Secretary of State
Dean Acheson, also served on the executive board.26
However, even with this massive and well-orchestrated campaign, the ERP advocates did not have it
easy. They had originally packaged the plan as a humanitarian operation to alleviate the suffering,
starvation, and devastation caused by the war. But Congress was not so willing to accept that Europe’s
economic woes could or should be solved by the American taxpayers.
So the Establishment one-worlders changed to a different tack: They said U.S. aid was urgently needed