logical language - Developers

ç Like the initial sound in English human, huge, hue, or the sound in German ich. A voiceless dorso-palatal nongrooved
(slit) fricative; IPA [ç]. X-SAMPA [C].
d Similar to English, but made with the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper teeth, not the alveolar ridge
(the gum ridge behind the upper teeth) as in English. An voiced unaspirated apico-dental plosive; IPA [ ]. X-
SAMPA [d_d].
dh As in English this, bathe, weather. A voiced apico-interdental fricative; IPA [ð]. X-SAMPA [D].
f As in English. A voiceless labio-dental fricative; IPA and X-SAMPA [f].
g Always as in English gag; never as in ginger. A voiced unaspirated dorso-velar plosive; IPA and X-SAMPA [g].
h As in English hall. Note that, unlike English, this sound can occur at the end of a syllable in Ithkuil. A voiceless
bi-glottal fricative; IPA and X-SAMPA [h].
j As in English judge but without the lip-rounding that accompanies the English sound. A voiced unaspirated nonlabialized
lamino-postalveolar dorso-palatal affricate; IPA [ ]. X-SAMPA [d_Z].
k Similar to English k but without aspiration. Like the k-sound of the Romance languages, e.g., Spanish or Italian
casa. A voiceless unaspirated dorso-velar plosive; IPA and X-SAMPA [k].
l The “light” l-sound of the Romance languages, or as in British English leader; not the “dark” (velarized) l-sound
of American English lull. A voiced apico-dental dorso-bilateral liquid continuant; IPA and X-SAMPA [l].
ļ No English equivalent. The voiceless dorso-bilateral fricative as found in Welsh llan. Can best be approximated
by putting the tongue in position as if to say an l-sound, and while holding the position, make a forceful h-sound
instead; IPA [ ]. X-SAMPA [K].
m As in English. A voiced bilabial nasal continuant obstruent; IPA and X-SAMPA [m].
n Similar to English, but made with the tip of the tongue on the back of the upper teeth as in the Romance
languages, not the alveolar ridge as in English. A voiced apico-dental nasal continuant obstruent; IPA [ ]. X-
SAMPA [n_d].
ň The English ng-sound as in song or ringer; NEVER as in finger. A voiced dorso-velar nasal continuant
obstruent;. IPA [ŋ]. X-SAMPA [N].
p Similar to English, but without aspiration. As in the Romance languages. A voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive;
IPA and X-SAMPA [p].
q No English equivalent. The voiceless dorso-uvular unaspirated plosive found in Arabic, Inuit and many American
Indian and Caucasian languages. Similar to an unaspirated k-sound but made by pressing the tongue against the
uvula (the little “punching bag” hanging at the back of the palate) as opposed to the soft palate. IPA and X-
SAMPA [q].
r This sound is a single flap of the tongue tip as in Spanish caro or pero. When geminated (doubled) it becomes a
trill as in Spanish carro or perro. A voiced apico-alveolar retroflex flap/trill; IPA [ ], [r]. X-SAMPA [4], [r].
ř No English equivalent. Like the throaty or “gargled” r-sound found in colloquial French and German. A voiced
dorso-uvular approximant (non-trilled); IPA [ ]. X-SAMPA [R].
s As in English sister. A voiceless lamino-alveolar grooved sibilant fricative; IPA and X-SAMPA [s].
š As in English shoeshine but without the lip-rounding of the English sound. A voiceless non-labialized laminopostalveolar
dorso-palatal grooved sibilant fricative; IPA [ ]. X-SAMPA [S].