logical language - Developers

VII Cr formative (see Section 2.2 below). Cr cannot be -w-, -y-, -h-, -hw-, -hr-, -hh-, -hn-, -hm-, -lw-, -ly-, -rw-, -ry-,
-řw-, or -řy-.
VIII Vc
IX Ci +Vi
X Ca
XI Vx+C
XII Vf
XIII ’Cb
XIV [tone]
XV [stress]
This is a mandatory vocalic affix indicating the case of the formative. The category of Case is discussed in Chapter
4.
This is a consonant + vowel term consisting of one of four consonantal forms (w-, y-, h-, or hw-) plus a vocalic
form, the whole of which indicates the Mood and Illocution of the formative (see Sections 5.2 and 5.3 respectively).
Mood and Illocution are mandatory categories but both have default forms. If Mood and Illocution are in their
default forms, then Slot IX is usually left unfilled/unmarked.
A mandatory consonantal portmanteau affix indicating the following five categories: Configuration, Affiliation,
Perspective, Extension and Essence. These categories are all discussed in Chapter 3.
An optional derivational suffix of the form vowel+consonant(s) which conveys additional morpho-semantic
information. There are approximately 200 such suffixes which can be combined with a formative to expand the
meaning of a word. These suffixes can also be multiply added to a stem, i.e., two or more such affixes can appear on
a stem. These suffixes are analyzed at length in Chapter 7.
A vocalic suffix which conveys the categories of Context (discussed in Section 3.6) and Format (discussed in Section
6.4). The presence of Format information requires that an incorporated root be present in the formative (i.e., the Cx
term in Slot V above). In the absence of an incorporated root, Vf conveys the category of Context only. While
Context is mandatory, it has a default value which, in the absence of Format and a Bias suffix in Slot XIII, is
unmarked (i.e., Slot XII is left empty).
A consonantal word-final suffix of the form glottal stop + consonant which indicates one of 48 Bias categories
(discussed in Section 5.11). Bias is an optional category and is left unmarked (i.e., unfilled) if not present. However,
if present, then Slot XII must also be filled.
The six morphologically relevant tones (see Section 1.3.2) of an Ithkuil formative indicate the category of Version
(see Section 5.8), a mandatory category.
As previously described in Section 1.3.3, there are four possible stress patterns for an Ithkuil formative, which
convey the categories of Designation (see Section 3.7) and Relation (see Section 5.4).
Based on the above morphological formula, we can see that the simplest structure for a formative is
as illustrated by the examples p h al, eqoec, and ‾üaklaršlá below:
p h al ‘tree’ LISTEN
Vr + Cr + Vc + Ca + tone+stress
Vr = (a-),* indicating Pattern 1, Stem 1 of the root plus STATIVE function
Cr = -p h -, indicating the root: ‘branched/leaved plant’
Vc = -a-, indicating OBLIQUE case
Ca = -l, indicating NORMAL essence, DELIMITIVE extension, MONADIC perspective, UNIPLEX configuration, and CONSOLIDATIVE
affiliation
tone = falling, indicating PROCESSUAL version
stress = penultimate**, indicating INFORMAL designation and UNFRAMED relation
*Note that the full form is ap h al, however when the value of Vr is word-initial a- for a formative with penultimate stress,