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similarly to a familiar linguistic category, the name of that category has been appropriated. Elsewhere, linguistic terminology from Indo- European, Uralic, Amerindian or Caucasian grammar has been appropriated out of convenience, often with only a small similarity of function. In still other instances, I have contrived my own grammatical nomenclature. Proceed to Chapter 3: Basic Morphology >> Home Introduction 4 Case Morphology 8 Adjuncts 12 The Number System FAQs 1 Phonology 5 Verb Morphology 9 Syntax List of Abbreviations Links of Interest 2 Morpho-Phonology 6 More Verb Morphology 10 Lexico-Semantics The Lexicon Updates / News 3 Basic Morphology 7 Suffixes 11 The Writing System Texts For those who would like a copy of the Ithkuil Grammar in book form, it is now available! And while you’re at it, you can check out the novel I cowrote with my twin brother Paul, also now available! (It’s a political thriller/science fiction story that explores the philosophical implications of quantum physics, and features Ithkuil as a “para-linguistic” interface to a quantum computer.) ©2004-2011 by John Quijada. You may copy or excerpt any portion of the contents of this website for private, individual, or personal use which is non-commercial in nature and not for purposes of profit. Otherwise, you may copy or excerpt brief portions of the contents of this website in published, web-accessible, or commercially distributed articles, papers or webpages for purposes of review, commentary or analysis, provided you give full attribution to the author and this website.
Ithkuil: A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language Home Introduction 4 Case Morphology 8 Adjuncts 12 The Number System FAQs 1 Phonology 5 Verb Morphology 9 Syntax List of Abbreviations Links of Interest 2 Morpho-Phonology 6 More Verb Morphology 10 Lexico-Semantics The Lexicon Updates / News 3 Basic Morphology 7 Suffixes 11 The Writing System Texts Chapter 3: Basic Morphology 3.1 Configuration 3.5 Essence 3.2 Affiliation 3.6 Context 3.3 Perspective 3.7 Designation 3.4 Extension 3.8 Note On Morpho-Phonological Agreement As previously discussed in Section 2.4.1, the distinction between nouns and verbs common to most languages is rather blurred in Ithkuil. All lexical stems in Ithkuil function equally as nouns or verbs and share many of the same morpho-semantic features and categories. This is because Ithkuil morpho-semantics does not see nouns and verbs as being cognitively distinct from one another, but rather as complementary manifestations of ideas existing in a common underlying semantic continuum whose components are space and time. The equivalents to nouns and verbs in other languages are merely “reified” (or nominalized) and “activized” (or verbalized) derivatives of semantic formatives. Nevertheless, for simplicity’s sake, we will refer to nominal formatives as nouns and verbal formatives as verbs when discussing their morphology. All Ithkuil formatives, whether functioning as nouns or verbs, inflect for nine Configurations, four Affiliations, four Perspectives, six Extensions, two Essences, four Contexts, and two Designations, and can take any of approximately 1800 optional suffixes. These morphological categories are explained in the sections which follow. 3.1 CONFIGURATION To understand the Ithkuil concept of enumeration and quantification of nouns (i.e., what other languages term singular, plural, etc.) one must analyze three separate but related grammatical categories termed Configuration, Affiliation, and Perspective. These concepts are alien to other languages. While they deal with semantic distinctions which are quantitative in nature, these distinctions are usually made at the lexical level (i.e., via word choice) in other languages, not at the morphological as in Ithkuil. In this section we will deal first with Configuration, followed by Affiliation in Section 3.2 and Perspective in Section 3.3. Specifically, Configuration deals with the physical similarity or relationship between members of a noun referent within groups, collections, sets, assortments, arrangements, or contextual gestalts, as delineated by internal composition, separability, compartmentalization, physical similarity or componential structure. This is best explained and illustrated by means of analogies to certain English sets of words. Consider the English word ‘tree.’ In English, a single tree may stand alone out of context, or it may be part of a group of trees. Such a group of trees may simply be two or more trees considered as a plural category based on mere number alone, e.g., two, three, or twenty trees. However, it is the nature of trees to exist in more contextually relevant groupings than merely numerical ones. For example, the trees may be of like species as in a ‘grove’ of trees. The grouping may be an assortment of different kinds of trees as in a ‘forest’ or occur in patternless disarray such as a ‘jungle.’ As another example, we can examine the English word ‘person.’ While persons may occur in simple numerical groupings such as ‘a (single) person’ or ‘three persons’ it is more common to find persons (i.e., people) referred to by words which indicate various groupings such as ‘group,’ ‘gathering,’ ‘crowd,’ etc.
Page 1 and 2: Ithkuil: A Philosophical Design for
Page 3 and 4: ©2004-2011 by John Quijada. You ma
Page 5 and 6: How the Language Works Ithkuil’s
Page 7 and 8: 5. -ôx = a suffix indicating that
Page 9 and 10: in Ithkuil no river is without its
Page 11 and 12: meaning. Ithkuil grammar has been d
Page 13 and 14: About the Grammar Presentation This
Page 15 and 16: Home Introduction 4 Case Morphology
Page 17 and 18: LABIO- VELAR LABIO- DENTAL _ _ _ _
Page 19 and 20: t Similar to English but without as
Page 21 and 22: ecomes semi-vocalic (sometimes refe
Page 23 and 24: ’ As previously described in Sec.
Page 25 and 26: six tones are low, high, falling, r
Page 27 and 28: “character” or subjective “so
Page 29 and 30: analysis, provided you give full at
Page 31 and 32: A brief, preliminary explanation of
Page 33 and 34: this initial a- can be deleted. **A
Page 35 and 36: 2.2 ROOT AND STEM FORMATION All wor
Page 37 and 38: Note that each stem carries both a
Page 39: (although, in actuality, some forms
Page 43 and 44: 3.1.2 DPX The Duplex The DUPLEX con
Page 45 and 46: elaļļ ‘a string of words’ up
Page 47 and 48: p h akţ ‘a thicket/jungle thicke
Page 49 and 50: (e.g., one’s left and right eye f
Page 51 and 52: may be occurring in the present con
Page 53 and 54: Alternately, extension can be shown
Page 55 and 56: pšaňsk ‘the last vestiges of a
Page 57 and 58: 3.5.3 Affix Tables for Configuratio
Page 59 and 60: NRM + ICP U N A COA mq mq’ sq h s
Page 61 and 62: A VAR COA ESSENCE & EXTENSION PERSP
Page 63 and 64: RPV + PRX N A VAR py ppy lpy fy npy
Page 65 and 66: EXTENSIONPERSPECTIVEAFFILIATION UNI
Page 67 and 68: Aspect (+ Mood) Function Phase + Sa
Page 69 and 70: (((Cv) VL) Cg/Cs) Vr (Cx/Cv Vp/VL)
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Page 73 and 74: In each of these sentences case is
Page 75 and 76: 3h) * Gave. (Intended meaning: Some
Page 77 and 78: 4.3.1 OBL The Oblique Case The OBLI
Page 79 and 80: expectation, hoping, wishing, being
Page 81 and 82: Azbal STA Azbal STA Azbal STA Azbal
Page 83 and 84: Ičalosk DYN Ičalosk DYN Ičalosk
Page 85 and 86: DYN ABS Ičalosk DYN Ičalosk DYN I
Page 87 and 88: * A storm noticed on the horizon. (
Page 89 and 90: 4.4.5 PDC The Productive Case The P
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English phrases ‘instead of’ or
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4.5.14 CLA The Classificative Case
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possession, while with the UTILITAT
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case-frames (see Sec. 5.4) it would
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The SIMULTANEITIVE identifies a nou
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4.6.9 PCR The Postcursive Case The
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_____ 1m+2u+ua-ATT STA-‘grief’-
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4.8 THE VOCATIVE The VOCATIVE case
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hruštrul-lyö’ň ˉhnič h âçt
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6.1.5 REQ The Requisitive The REQUI
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The VOLUNTATIVE corresponds to Engl
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(a) Jane's state of health is not a
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Jane, while being in a healthier st
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Rril eglalaimļ byoail. LISTEN STA-
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24 EPD EXPEDITIVE iö/uö r-rš r-r
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Low TERMINATIVE Falling-Rising DEPL
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For verbs carrying STATIVE Function
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Proceed to Chapter 7: Suffixes >> H
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The morpho-semantic delineations of
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The “third person” in Ithkuil i
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Form 4 (Collapsed Form): Vc2 + C1 +
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IDP Interdependent üa üaw- BEN Be
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ultánļ këi STA-‘page.of.writin
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Falling Tone High Tone referent→
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high + falling → low The order in
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Degree 2 PROPRIETIVE Case Degree 3
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Links of Interest Updates / News 2
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In the hypothetical answer Bill (or
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direct answer to commands, question
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placing the adjective ‘white’ a
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Sometimes, rather than semantic rol
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tone on its last syllable, in order
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Ithkuil: A Philosophical Design for
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2.3 et seq. regarding the use of th
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elaliuçaukç ‘whisper sweet noth
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(the) past → history see → obse
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Concepts of spatial position and or
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in(side) any machine these days. I
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+X / +Y / -Z = “right / ahead / b
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octant static relationships a “po
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itself. Essentially, Ithkuil is les
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particularly found in the realm of
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FAQs 1 Phonology 5 Verb Morphology
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of the character. Examples: 11.1.2
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The shape of this character, its po
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The latter 48 cases utilize these s
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9 MLT 11.3.1.3 Extension and Affili
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1 RTR 9 RSM 17 PMP 25 DSC 2 PRS 10
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11.3.2.1 Case: The secondary case/a
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11.3.2.2 Aspect: Aspect in a second
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11.3.3 Tertiary Characters The thir
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Additional extensions allow for the
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11.3.4.6 Context: The default EXS C
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Relation, as shown previously in Ta
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consisting of a lone top-bar. Sylla
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Secondary Aspect Characters Tertiar
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11.6 THE ALTERNATIVE ORNAMENTAL SCR
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©2004-2011 by John Quijada. You ma
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The same exact system holds for Ith
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12.3 EXPRESSING “ZERO” one two
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literally: “26 of ten-thousands w
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STEP THREE: Analysis/Derivation Usi
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use would imply that families manif
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-GW- 'AMBULATION' ‘in a repetitiv
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Basic Greetings and Conversational
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or Uhispal ük h u tô myal kô edn
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IFL FRAMED-DYN-‘exist’-COR-NRM/
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And while you’re at it, you can c
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-DhR- REPRESENTATION FOR AESTHETIC
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-LFQ- CHARACTER TRAITS: SELF-CONCER
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-RTh- CONSIDERATION OF AN IDEA OR P
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-ŠŠ- HIDE/CONCEAL/AVOID/SNEAK INF
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-XhČ’- CHARACTER TRAITS: STUPIDI
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2u+ui personal reference: unbounded
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ATC Suffix: Degree Of Anticipation
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CMP5C Comparative 5C case CMP6A Com
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CRI Suffix: Cycle or circular motio
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DES Desiderative modality DEV Suffi
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EPI Epistemic sanction EPS Episodic
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HAB Habitual aspect HOR Hortative i
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IPT Suffix: Degree of importance/im
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MD14 Suffix: well-liked; like (to)
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N Gnomic perspective NA1 Suffix: Ne
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PLE Suffix: Degree of (Un-)Pleasant
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PUR Purposive case PUT Putative val
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SCS Suffix: Degree of Success versu
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TEN Tentative validation TFI Suffix
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News Morphology 7 Suffixes System T
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I speak enough fractured German to
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sentence). For example, merely sayi
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The first criterion can basically b
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the Lexicon on an ongoing (albeit p
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EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES F
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems COMPLEMENTARY S
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1. 6 times the number of something;
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ÇKhW- ‘PORCUPINE’ INFORMAL Ste
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1. physical contact between 2 or mo
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3. filter / screening [selective ac
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-DMY- neurological disorder — The
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-DhMY- auto-immune condition — Th
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-FPL- perpetrator + victim — The
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-FŢ- ‘INSECT’ INFORMAL Stems F
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1. generic 2-D outline shape (e.g.,
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1. member of parent/child in-law re
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Morphological derivative from FORMA
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-KSP ‘-X/+Y/+Z SPATIAL ORIENTATIO
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trajectory or at a La Grange point)
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INFORMAL Stems FORMAL Stems 1. genu
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LC’- ‘PLANARITY/FLATNESS RELATI
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INFORMAL Stems FORMAL Stems 1. mars
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-ĻN- ‘CLASSES OF LAND/AIR ANIMAL
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-MN- ‘AWE / BE OR FEEL IMPRESSED
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-MT’-‘CLASSES OF ANIMAL’ INFO
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-MŽ- ‘GENDER’ INFORMAL Stems F
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-NSW- ‘CHICKEN’ (the stems of t
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-ŇGR- ‘BABOON’ (the stems of t
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-ŇN- ‘ANT’ The pattern of stem
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-PNY- grape The pattern of stems fo
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-PT- ‘feel hurt/offended’ The s
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1. affective (i.e., unwilled) cough
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1. sibling 1. step-sibling 2. broth
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-RF- ‘CIRCULAR VECTOR MOTION’ (
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-RSČ- ‘MAPLE’ The stems of thi
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-RVP’- Rubidium — Pattern of st
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DEGREE/EXTENT suffix. -ŘG- ‘TUNI
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-SK h W- ‘ROBIN’ (the stems of
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-SQW- tomato The pattern of stems f
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SSD Derivatives for Informal Stem 3
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-ŠKÇ- ‘PIGEON’ (the stems of
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-ŠT- fry -- The pattern of stems f
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the depression] volume itself + obj
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INFORMAL FORMAL subatomic particle
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1. head (as gestalt entity) [both p
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-ŢN- ‘TIME PERIOD/DURATION MORE
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-ŢX- squeezability/compressability
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focus on the cause focus on the fee
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SSD derivatives for Formal Stem 1:
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-XT- ‘EFFORT/WORK’ INFORMAL Ste
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INFORMAL Stem Derivations: find out
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-ZDR- ‘BEAR’ (the stems of this
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-ZT- ‘coal’ — Pattern of stem
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DEGREE/EXTENT suffix. -ŻŘ- ‘qua
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FAQs 1 Phonology 5 Verb Morphology
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Wenedyk by Jan van Steenbergen gjâ
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